Breathing techniques reduce labor pain in a statistically and clinically meaningful way and merit integration into primary-level midwifery care; larger randomized controlled trials are recommended.
Abstract
This study examined the effect of breathing techniques on labor pain intensity among laboring mothers at Cendana Putih Primary Health Center, North Luwu Regency, in 2024, because primary healthcare facilities need effective, safe, and easily applicable non-pharmacological pain management. A quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design involved 12 women in the active phase of first-stage labor, selected through consecutive sampling during May–June 2024. Pain intensity was measured with the validated Numeric Rating Scale (0–10) before and 60 minutes after approximately 30 minutes of rhythmic breathing (4-second inhalation, 2-second hold, 6-second exhalation), and analyzed using the wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The mean pain score decreased from 7.50 to 4.25 (p = 0.001; r = 0.66, large effect), and all 12 respondents showed a decrease. Breathing techniques thus reduce labor pain in a statistically and clinically meaningful way and merit integration into primary-level midwifery care; larger randomized controlled trials are recommended.
Findings indicate a within-group change in reported labor pain intensity following counterpressure therapy among women in the active phase of the first stage of labor at a clinic in Bengkulu City, however, this cannot be interpreted as definitive evidence of the intervention's causal effect.
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