Analysis of Occupational Safety and Health Risks in Wharf Structure Rehabilitation Using JSA and HIRARC Methods

Abstract

Background: Jetty rehabilitation combines overwater work, heavy equipment, suspended loads, demolition, temporary access, and changing marine conditions. These interacting factors create substantial occupational risks and require systematic hazard identification and risk assessment to establish appropriate controls. Objective: This study identifies task-level hazards using Job Safety Analysis (JSA), classifies the identified risks using Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC), establishes control priorities, and formulates mitigation recommendations for the rehabilitation of Kijing Port Regional II. Methods: A descriptive case study used a semi-quantitative risk assessment supported by field observations, interviews, and project documents. JSA decomposed the rehabilitation activities and identified hazards; HIRARC then assessed likelihood and severity to determine risk levels and control priorities. Ratings were validated through triangulation, expert judgment, and consistency checks against occupational safety and health requirements and project procedures. Results: The study identified 32 hazards across eleven work-activity groups. Low, medium, high, and extreme risks accounted for 3.1%, 31.3%, 53.1%, and 12.5%, respectively. High and extreme risks were concentrated in overwater access, lifting and heavy-equipment operations, concrete demolition, and steel pipe pile work. Conclusion: Sequential JSA-HIRARC analysis linked task-level hazards to risk priorities and activity-specific controls. High and extreme risks require strengthened engineering and administrative controls, supported by appropriate personal protective equipment and continuous supervision.