Towards synergy between theory and experiments: First-passage processes under resetting with stochastic return protocols

Abstract

Stochastic resetting with stochastic return (SR) has recently emerged as an effective and practically relevant strategy for controlling first-passage phenomena and optimizing search processes by significantly reducing completion times in a wide class of stochastic systems. While most theoretical studies assume instantaneous return (IR), in realistic systems the return to the resetting position typically occurs over a finite time. We consider a 1-d diffusing particle in a harmonic trap with stiffnesses $k_1$ and $k_2$ during search and return, respectively. The particle searches for the target and, upon resetting at rate $r$, enters the return phase, continuing until it reaches either the origin or the absorbing target at $L>0$. Notably, the model permits target detection throughout the return phase, distinguishing it from IR scenarios. We analytically derive the MFPT for our model and determine parameter regions where SR enhances or suppresses search efficiency over the underlying dynamics, constructing the corresponding phase diagram using the coefficient of variation criterion. We further identify regimes in which SR is more efficient than IR using the SR criterion. This behavior is tested across different parameter sets taken from experimental studies by Goerlich et al., Biroli et al., and Besga et al. We map the parameter values reported in existing experimental studies onto our theoretical phase diagram, thereby identifying the regimes in which SR outperforms IR. In particular, we find that the most relevant region of the phase space, where SR is most beneficial corresponds to larger values of the potential strength in the search phase and lower values of potential in the return phase. Our results provide experimentally testable predictions and bridge the gap between theoretical resetting models and optical trap mediated finite-time return dynamics.