Plant-Based Proteins Industry in Sudan: Agricultural Potential, Processing Technologies, Consumer Acceptance, and Future Prospects – A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Plant-based proteins materialize as one of the fastest-growing sectors of the global food industry, driven by increasing demand for sustainable, nutritious, and environmentally friendly protein sources. Despite its rapid international expansion, little attention has been given to the feasibility of developing this industry in Sudan. This review critically evaluates Sudan’s potential to establish a competitive plant-based proteins industry by integrating evidence on agricultural resources, plant protein functionality, processing technologies, consumer acceptance, and industrial challenges. The review highlight that Sudan possesses substantial advantages, including abundant production of protein-rich legumes and oilseeds, extensive arable land, favorable agroecological conditions, and a long tradition of fermented plant-based foods such as Kawal, which may facilitate consumer acceptance of locally developed meat alternatives. Recent advances in high-moisture extrusion and related food engineering technologies have significantly improved the structural and sensory properties of plant-based meat products, creating new opportunities for industrial development. However, several constraints continue to limit commercialization, including inadequate food-processing infrastructure, limited technological capacity, insufficient regulatory frameworks, restricted industrial investment, and low consumer awareness. The analysis suggests that successful development of this sector will require coordinated efforts involving research institutions, government agencies, private investors, and the food industry to strengthen research and development, technology transfer, workforce capacity, and supportive policies. By strategically utilizing its agricultural resources and adopting modern food processing technologies, Sudan has the potential to develop a sustainable plant-based meat industry that enhances food security, promotes economic diversification, supports environmental sustainability, and strengthens regional competitiveness within the rapidly expanding alternative protein market.