Aug 2026· Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology· Vol 29, pp. 435-446· 0 citations· 5 references
TL;DR
Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol significantly minimizes traffic loss and guarantees a stable topology update time independent of timeout configurations, effectively maximizing network efficiency in multi-hop drone swarm operations.
Abstract
This paper proposes an event-driven AODV routing optimization for highly dynamic Flying Ad hoc Networks (FANETs). Standard AODV relies on active route timeouts, leading to high packet loss and inefficient resource usage when network topologies rapidly change. To address this, we design an extended HELLO message to diminish RREQ flooding overhead and introduce a novel RDISC(Route Discovery) control message. The RDISC mechanism allows nodes to proactively trigger route updates upon link recovery events while maintaining ongoing sessions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol significantly minimizes traffic loss and guarantees a stable topology update time independent of timeout configurations, effectively maximizing network efficiency in multi-hop drone swarm operations.
To address premature node failure in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) caused by limited energy and uneven energy consumption, this article proposes a tree-based routing algorithm with local update capability. Building upon traditional tree-based routing architecture, this algorithm classifies nodes into different tiers according to their residual energy, geographical location, and current connectivity status. These tiers undergo real-time dynamic updates to adapt to packet transmission demands. Routing paths are adaptively adjusted based on tier variations: when a node’s tier rapidly decreases, its associated routes undergo local updates to minimize energy consumption, thereby prolonging the life time of lower-tier nodes as effectively as possible. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with three other algorithms, the proposed algorithm achieves a more balanced energy consumption distribution among nodes, significantly extends the network’s stability period, and further enhances the overall network lifetime.
Simulation results indicate that HOA-MEPFL-CLCT-RP outperforms existing models in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), energy efficiency, End-to-End Delay (E2D), and routing overhead.
Shaleena H, Sumangala K· International journal of com...· 0 citations
The paper introduces RML-ZEREM to solve existing limitations, which functions as a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based Zone-Based Leader-Aware Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for MANETs, which serves next-generation MANET applications.
Rani Sahu, Babita Rathore· Journal of Intelligent Compu...· 0 citations
— Opportunistic networks enable communication in infrastructure-deficient scenarios such as IoT deployment and disaster rescue through node mobility. However, existing routing protocols relying solely on contact frequency neglect link duration, leading to unstable transmission and inefficient caching. This paper proposes PORTAC, a historical contact–enhanced collaborative cache routing mechanism integrating contact stability–aware routing and multi-level cache scheduling. A spatio-temporal Contact Stability Index (CSI) evaluates link quality via duration-based logarithmic gain and historical context, while a core–radiation–edge cache hierarchy manages messages by value, forwarding count, and lifetime. Simulations on the ONE platform show that PORTAC increases delivery ratio by over 10.6% compared with PropheRouter, enhancing efficiency in dynamic networks.
Guanghui Wang, Peng Li, Fei Hao et al.· Journal of Communications So...· 0 citations
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are a key enabling technology for dynamic, infrastructure-limited IoT environments. The routing protocol is the central design choice in any WMN deployment because throughput, end-to-end delay, energy consumption and delivery reliability are directly affected by it. A systematic, simulation-based evaluation of two widely studied WMN routing protocols is presented: the reactive Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV, RFC 3561) protocol and the proactive Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) protocol. Simulations were conducted in OMNeT++ 6.3 with the INET 4.5 framework across five network densities $(N \in\{10,20,30,40,50\}$ nodes) in a $1000 ~\mathrm{m} \times 1000 ~\mathrm{m}$ IEEE 802.11g area with a many-to-one UDP traffic pattern representative of IoT data collection. A density-dependent crossover was revealed at approximately $N=20$: lower delay was achieved by DSDV in sparse networks, whereas higher throughput, higher delivery reliability and lower energy consumption were achieved by AODV at higher densities. At $N=50, \approx 35 \%$ higher throughput, zero routing failures and $\approx 8 \%$ lower energy consumption are delivered by AODV. It is indicated by the MAC-layer contention behavior that DSDV's high-density degradation is mainly driven by IEEE 802.11 channel saturation rather than by routing-algorithm deficiencies. Deployment guidelines derived from these findings are provided.
Alá F. Khalifeh, Abdulla Ababneh, Iacovos I. Ioannou· IEEE Jordan Conference on Ap...· 0 citations
This paper presents detailed algorithm for calculating L-LSR coefficient, and shows that L-LSR algorithm not only performs better than OSPF, but also has verySignificant performance improvement over the other LSR family of algorithms.
A. Tiwari, Anirudha Sahoo· 0 citations
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