The Origins and Outcomes of Gender Inequality in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions: A Case Study of Federal Polytechnic Bali, Taraba State

Abstract

This study investigates the origins and outcomes of gender inequality at Federal Polytechnic Bali, Taraba State, Nigeria. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 120 staff members through stratified random sampling. Analysis employed descriptive statistics, Chi square tests, and effect size measures. Findings reveal significant gender disparity: women constitute 35% of staff but hold only 21% of leadership positions, with men twice as likely to occupy leadership roles (38.5% vs. 19.0%). The Chi-square test confirmed a statistically significant relationship between gender and leadership occupancy (χ² = 4.76, p = 0.029), with Phi coefficient (0.199) indicating weak-to-moderate association. Origins of inequality include socio-cultural norms, inadequate institutional support for working mothers, exclusionary informal networks ("men's circle"), and organizational practices perpetuating the "motherhood penalty" and "broken rung" phenomena. Outcomes include vertical segregation and underutilization of female talent at only 62% of expected representation. The study recommends gender-inclusive policies, support systems for working mothers, mentorship programs, and institutional culture transformation to achieve gender equity.