Review of Semi-Active Shock Absorption Mechanisms in Landing Systems

Abstract

Effective shock absorption is essential for maintaining stability during landing events. Aerospace systems traditionally rely on oleo-pneumatic struts, while robotic platforms utilize lightweight compliant joints for impact mitigation. Recent advances have shifted attention toward adaptive solutions, including magnetorheological and electrorheological dampers, which can adjust their damping characteristics in real time through sensor feedback and control algorithms. By integrating established mechanical design principles with advanced materials and intelligent control strategies, modern landing systems can achieve improved energy dissipation and enhanced performance under variable and unpredictable conditions. This work evaluates the transition from passive to adaptive shock absorption technologies by examining landing dynamics, the mechanical architectures of conventional and semi-active systems, and the control strategies that enable adaptive damping. The findings indicate that, although passive systems offer reliability and simplicity, they lack the adaptability required for highly variable environments, while semi-active systems provide enhanced performance through real-time modulation enabled by advanced control algorithms. However, challenges related to power requirements, system complexity, material durability, and long-term reliability continue to limit widespread implementation of adaptive technologies. Overall, this review highlights the limitations of passive designs, evaluates the tradeoffs between MR and ER damping technologies, examines the evolution of semi-active control strategies, and identifies the key technical barriers that must be addressed before adaptive shock absorption systems achieve broader operational adoption.