Emerging and Novel Ovine Viruses: Molecular Diagnostics, Genomic and Metagenomic Surveillance, and One Health Perspectives
TL;DR
How molecular diagnostics, genomic surveillance, and metagenomic approaches are transforming the identification and monitoring of ovine viruses by enabling broader virus detection, genetic characterization, and investigation of transmission patterns is discussed.
Abstract
Simple Summary Emerging and novel viral infections in sheep represent important challenges for animal health, sustainable livestock production, and disease preparedness. The increasing movement of animals, wildlife–livestock interactions, changes in vector distribution, and environmental pressures create opportunities for the emergence and spread of new viral threats. Although conventional diagnostic methods remain crucial for identifying known infections, they may be insufficient for detecting highly divergent or previously unrecognized viruses. This review discusses how molecular diagnostics, genomic surveillance, and metagenomic approaches are transforming the identification and monitoring of ovine viruses by enabling broader virus detection, genetic characterization, and investigation of transmission patterns. However, effective use of these technologies requires accurate sampling, reliable data interpretation, and integration with veterinary epidemiology and One Health surveillance. Combining genomic information with animal health monitoring, wildlife surveillance, and environmental data will improve early recognition of emerging viral threats and strengthen strategies for protecting sheep production systems and animal health.