Aug 2026· International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology· pp. 381· 0 citations· 14 references
Abstract
The construction industry, specifically the heavy infrastructure and underground sectors, acts as a primary catalyst for national economic development. It provides the basic physical framework for the nation while generating maximum jobs for skilled and unskilled labor in urban and rural areas. However, construction is inherently perilous, contributing to a substantial percentage of global occupational fatalities and injuries. The dynamic and constantly changing physical environments of construction sites necessitate a shift from traditional manufacturing-centric safety models. This comprehensive research paper presents an integrated framework combining Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA), tailored specifically for heavy infrastructure and underground metro construction. By systematically breaking down complex activities—such as deep shaft excavation, Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) operations, scaffold erection, and heavy lifting—into fundamental job steps, this study identifies critical loss-of-control events. Quantitative risk assessment matrices are utilized to calculate Risk Priority Numbers (RPN) before and after the implementation of engineering controls, strict Permit to Work (PTW) systems, and specialized Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). The methodology evaluated 78 distinct construction stages, uncovering 847 potential loss-of-control events. The findings demonstrate a significant reduction in risk scores across all sectors, effectively transitioning 'Extreme-Intolerable' hazards to 'Low-Tolerable' limits. Ultimately, this research provides a proactive, actionable safety planning model, complete with exhaustive safety checklists and matrices, to achieve a 'zero-harm' environment in massive underground infrastructure projects
Safety in the construction industry remains one of the most widely discussed subjects and continues to be a focus of ongoing research. With frequent accidents occurring at construction sites, it becomes crucial to identify the underlying causes. This paper applies Job Safety Analysis (JSA), Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), Safety Performance Monitoring, and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) to enhance workplace safety in metro rail projects. Various Hazard Analysis and Risk analysis methodologies are used for ranking the risk by knowing its consequence and its frequency of occurrence in the Construction work place. The primary goal is to identify the hazards present in the workplace and evaluate the associated risks using various available methods to create a safer work environment
Vishal Dixit and P. S. Tathod· International Journal of Adv...· 0 citations
Natural gas has emerged as one of the major energy sources supporting India's petrochemical, power generation, fertilizer, refinery, and manufacturing sectors. The continuous expansion of cross-country gas pipeline networks under the national energy infrastructure has significantly increased the demand for safe and reliable pipeline installation practices. However, gas pipeline construction involves several high-risk activities, including excavation, trenching, Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD), pipe lifting, welding, hydrostatic testing, and confined space operations, which expose workers to multiple occupational hazards and increase the likelihood of accidents if appropriate safety measures are not implemented.
The present study aims to develop an integrated safety assessment framework for hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk control during gas pipeline installation works. The research focuses on identifying hazards associated with various construction activities, evaluating their risk levels, and recommending appropriate control measures to improve occupational safety and reduce accident potential. The study adopts a comprehensive methodology comprising questionnaire-based survey analysis involving 127 professionals associated with gas pipeline construction, systematic site observation of actual construction practices, Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) for determining root causes of critical accident scenarios, and Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) for qualitative risk evaluation and prioritization. The integration of these techniques provides a systematic approach for identifying unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, human factors, equipment failures, and management deficiencies contributing to construction-related incidents.
The findings indicate that unsafe worker behaviour, inadequate supervision, poor safety compliance, ineffective communication, and deficiencies in risk control measures are among the major contributors to occupational accidents during gas pipeline installation. Fault Tree Analysis revealed that seemingly minor unsafe conditions and procedural deviations can combine to produce catastrophic events, while HIRARC effectively prioritizes hazards according to their likelihood and severity, enabling the implementation of suitable engineering, administrative, and personal protective control measures. The study further emphasizes that active management commitment, competent safety professionals, regular site inspections, safety induction programmes, toolbox talks, and continuous monitoring significantly enhance workplace safety performance.
The proposed integrated safety assessment framework offers a practical and systematic approach for strengthening safety management in gas pipeline construction projects in India. The outcomes of this research can assist project owners, contractors, safety professionals, and regulatory agencies in improving hazard identification, minimizing occupational risks, enhancing safety compliance, and promoting a proactive safety culture throughout the lifecycle of gas pipeline installation projects.
Ajay Kumar Singh, Mohsin Khan and Dr. Neeta Banger· International Journal of Adv...· 0 citations
Construction projects carry substantial risk of work accidents. This study aims to (1) identify hazards in project activities, (2) assess and rank the associated risks, and (3) determine appropriate risk controls, using Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Determining Control (HIRADC) combined with Job Safety Analysis (JSA), with Toll Road X as the case study. Of the hazards identified, none were classified as large risk; 10 were classified as medium risk and 12 as small risk. The six highest-risk findings, all medium risk, were: tripping, slipping, and falling during measurement/survey; dust exposure causing eye irritation during soil filling; slipping/falling from height during excavation; being struck by iron/steel bars; cuts from using a Bar Bender; and stepping on debris or metal during spreading. These risks may result in lost working days, permanent or partial disability, moderate environmental damage, material losses, and medical costs. Recommended risk controls include occupational health and safety (OHS) training, safety audits, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), implementation of JSA, and adoption of appropriate construction methods to reduce work accident risk.
The relentless expansion of the Chemical Process Industry (CPI) necessitates the implementation of rigorous and comprehensive safety evaluations. This research manuscript presents an extensive Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) conducted on a major petrochemical refinery, specifically targeting the hazards associated with the storage and processing of highly volatile and toxic substances. Integrating Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA), Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), this study establishes a robust methodological framework for assessing industrial risk. A systematic screening process utilizing IPO (Inter Provinciaal Overleg) A-factor and S-factor metrics was deployed to isolate the most severe major accident hazard (MAH) installations, culminating in the selection of pressurized Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Propylene Horton spheres, large-scale Naphtha storage tanks, and Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) transfer pipelines. Advanced mathematical consequence modeling was executed, comprising TNT equivalency methods for Vapour Cloud Explosions (VCE), semi-empirical thermodynamic models for Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosions (BLEVE), and the Pasquill-Gifford dispersion model for toxic gas plumes. The consequence analysis revealed that a catastrophic failure of a 1,200 MT LPG Horton sphere generates a fireball 616.3 meters in diameter, emitting lethal horizontal thermal radiation fluxes (109 kW/m²) that extensively impinge upon vulnerable off-site residential boundaries. Furthermore, the synthesis of FTA-derived failure frequencies (3.6E-7 per year for Horton spheres) with local demographic data demonstrated that the societal risk (F-N curve) breaches the universally accepted ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable) thresholds. The findings underscore the acute vulnerability of densely populated regions adjacent to legacy pressurized storage facilities. The manuscript concludes by presenting concrete, inherently safer design recommendations, advocating strongly for the phase-out of above-ground spheres in favor of mounded bullet technology, alongside the enhancement of Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) and stringent land-use zoning.
Devesh Dixit and Dr Neeta Banger· International Journal of Adv...· 0 citations
The rapid transition towards renewable energy in India, driven by ambitious national targets and the need for sustainable development, has catalyzed a massive surge in the construction of utility-scale solar power plants. While these mega-projects are indispensable for achieving energy independence and reducing the national carbon footprint, their extensive and fast-paced construction phases introduce highly complex occupational health and safety challenges. This research presents a comprehensive investigation into Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) meticulously tailored for the unique environment of large-scale solar project sites across India
Renewable power plants are booming these days. Constructions of renewable power plants pose serious risks to workers safety and health. To ensure its success we need to make sure that it remains safe, reliable and sustainable throughout its construction and operation phase. This can be achieved by effectively evaluating a power plant’s health and safety, associated hazards and risks and implementing necessary control measures. In this study, we have used a HIRARC (Hazard Identification, Risk assessment & Risk control) model to identify all the hazards and associated risk to the worker’s safety and health on a 350MW Solar Power plant unit-I and Unit-II. Hazard identification is carried out by critically analyzing existing risk assessments, interviewing personnel and conducting walkthroughs. Risk assessment is carried out using qualitative analysis of hazard’s likelihood and its consequence severity. Quantitative analysis is used to divide the risk in high, medium and low categories using simple 5X5 risk matrix. The findings were then used to identify and recommend necessary control measures to deal with high risk activities and bring down its risk level to an acceptable range. The aim of this study is to make solar power projects much safer and accident free by identifying significant hazards, evaluating the associated risks and determining the necessary control measures based on the basic risk control hierarchy. These measures will help in making solar power projects a safer project sites, reducing accident rates at site, reducing staff turnover rates, improving safety culture and increasing worker’s satisfaction in terms of safety.
The study systematically evaluates the entire construction lifecycle—ranging from initial site clearing, heavy earthmoving, and foundation piling, to the erection of Module Mounting Structures (MMS), Photovoltaic (PV) panel installation, deep trenching, and the critical commissioning of high-voltage electrical infrastructure such as inverters and transformers. Through a robust methodology combining rigorous site observations, historical incident analysis, and structured questionnaire surveys distributed among site engineers, safety officers, and project managers, a wide spectrum of unsafe acts and environmental conditions was documented. The research highlights critical occupational hazards, including high-voltage electrical risks (arc flashes and shocks), mechanical entrapments during heavy material lifting, ergonomic strains from repetitive module handling, and fall hazards during structural erection, and extreme thermal stress due to prolonged exposure to harsh Indian weather conditions.
Utilizing both quantitative and qualitative risk assessment tools, including the Relative Importance Index (RII) and standardized Risk Matrices, the identified hazards are systematically ranked based on their probability of occurrence and potential severity. The analysis isolates the most acute safety vulnerabilities that demand immediate managerial intervention. Consequently, this study proposes a site-specific framework of mitigation strategies, integrating engineering controls, stringent administrative protocols, and the mandate of specialized Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Ultimately, this research provides a pivotal safety management blueprint for industry stakeholders, aiming to eliminate workplace accidents, ensure strict regulatory compliance, minimize costly project delays, and foster a sustainable safety culture within India's booming solar infrastructure sector
Gali Yashwanth Chowdary, Mohsin Khan, Dr. Madhuri · International Journal of Adv...· 0 citations
The construction industry is one of the sectors with the highest occupational accident risk. This study was conducted at the Justice Tower Phase 1 Building Construction Project, Faculty of Law, Hasanuddin University, which involves working at height, heavy equipment operation, and activities within an active campus environment. The objectives are to identify potential occupational accident risks, determine dominant risks, and formulate control strategies. A quantitative approach supported by qualitative methods was adopted, with 39 respondents selected from a population of 60 workers using the Slovin formula. Analysis employed Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) to calculate the Risk Priority Number (RPN), and IBPRP and AKK methods based on Ministerial Regulation PUPR No. 10 of 2021. Results identified 80 potential occupational accident risks across column work (22 risks), beam work (20 risks), floor slab work (20 risks), and concrete staircase work (18 risks). IBPRP assessment yielded 8 low risks (10%), 65 moderate risks (81.25%), and 7 high risks (8.75%). FMEA analysis identified 56 dominant risks, with the highest RPN value of 366,036 at variable X.3.2.2 (operator failing to observe workers near mobile crane). Control strategies encompass elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and PPE in accordance with the risk control hierarchy.
Istiawati Darwis, Muh. Dwiyanto Agung Prakasa, Muh. Sucitra Amanasah et al.· Borneo Engineering : Jurnal...· 0 citations
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