In blockchain systems, peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay networks play a crucial role in providing reliable, scalable and efficient message-delivery services to upper layers. However, the consensus layer and the underlying P2P network remain mutually opaque in existing blockchains, waiving the opportunity for further improvement. In contrast to other P2P applications, blockchain can naturally be abstracted as a state machine. We therefore leverage this abstraction to record network topologies and latencies in a trusted and coordinated manner. With this support, we propose three improvements to rotating-leader consensus protocols and their underlying P2P networks: (1) accelerating leader rotation; (2) introducing a reliable-broadcast paradigm that employs tree-based dissemination in the normal case and falls back to gossip only when necessary; and (3) constructing latency-aware dissemination trees. We integrate the above ideas into Tendermint and libp2p, and conduct empirical evaluation on Amazon EC2 platform using up to 300 nodes distributed across 10 regions. The results demonstrate that, compared with gossip-based dissemination over the same topology, our prototype improves peak throughput by up to $7.26\times$.
To address the risks of centralized single-point failures and data privacy leaks associated with massive data storage in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) environments, this paper proposes a distributed secure storage architecture based on blockchain. However, traditional Practical Byzantine Fault-Tolerant (PBFT) algorithms suffer from scalability bottlenecks in large-scale dynamic networks, such as high communication overhead and low consensus efficiency. Therefore, this paper designs a hierarchical and reputation-aware improved consensus mechanism (H-PBFT). First, this mechanism introduces a geographical location grouping strategy, dividing all network nodes into several local consensus groups and leveraging edge computing characteristics to achieve rapid consensus within each group. Second, a multi-dimensional reputation evaluation model (comprehensively considering historical behavior, performance, and availability) is constructed to dynamically elect representative nodes from each group to participate in global consensus, thereby significantly reducing the communication complexity from O(N2). Simulation results show that compared with standard PBFT, Q-PBFT, and APBFT, H-PBFT exhibits significant advantages in consensus latency, throughput, and view switching recovery time, and maintains high system robustness even in complex network environments with malicious nodes.
Zhenhua Wang, Jiangang Hu, Xinmeng Wang et al.· Future Internet· 0 citations
Sixth-generation (6G) communication networks are expected to support immersive, intelligent, and latency-sensitive applications that require scalable, secure, and adaptive communication infrastructures. However, conventional IP-based blockchain systems suffer from significant communication overhead, redundant data dissemination, synchronization delays, and limited scalability, which hinder their applicability in dynamic 6G environments. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a Quality of Experience (QoE)- driven multimodal multi-agent Named Data Networking (NDN)-enabled blockchain framework for adaptive 6G communication systems. The proposed architecture integrates content-centric networking, in-network caching, multicast dissemination, and blockchain-based decentralized trust management to improve communication efficiency and scalability. Furthermore, the framework incorporates multimodal data fusion, cooperative multi-agent coordination, QoE-aware adaptive learning, and federated edge intelligence to enable intelligent and user-centric communication optimization. A distributed peer-to-peer overlay and optimized NDN-based communication protocols are designed to support efficient blockchain synchronization while maintaining interoperability with existing Ethereum infrastructures. The proposed framework is evaluated using ndnSIM, NS-3, and a modified Go-Ethereum client across multiple distributed network topologies. Experimental results demonstrate significant reductions in end-to-end latency, redundant traffic transmission, and synchronization overhead, while improving caching efficiency, traffic utilization, and adaptive content dissemination performance compared with conventional IP-based blockchain communication systems. The results validate the effectiveness of integrating NDN, blockchain, multimodal intelligence, and distributed adaptive coordination to establish a scalable, secure, and QoE-aware foundation for future intelligent 6G communication ecosystems.
A. Yadav, V. Pawar, Abdul Mazid et al.· IEEE Open Journal of the Com...· 1 citation
The problem of self-interested nodes remains a major challenge in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), as individual nodes tend to prioritize the conservation of limited resources such as power and bandwidth at the expense of ensuring global network connectivity. This behavior negatively impacts network efficiency, leading to reduced reliability, a lower packet delivery ratio (PDR), and increased communication latency.
This study proposes an innovative decentralized framework—Tokenized Mobile Semantic Smart Mesh Networks (TMSSMN)—that integrates blockchain-based tokenization with a Knowledge-Underpinned Layer (KUL) to enable incentive-based intelligent routing. The proposed system introduces a pay-per-hop mechanism, where nodes earn rewards through secure micropayments managed by smart contracts for packet forwarding. This approach ensures fairness, transparency, and trust without relying on a central authority. Furthermore, the KUL optimizes routing decisions by integrating semantic insights and contextual data, allowing for more informed, context-aware path selection.
Keywords: MANET, Blockchain, Tokenization, Incentive-based Routing, Smart Contracts, Knowledge-Underpinned Layer (KUL), Cooperative Routing, Packet Delivery Ratio.
Nureddin A. F. Aldali· International Science and Te...· 0 citations
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) enhances road safety and supports autonomous driving through real-time communication, but current methods face key challenges: rigid resource allocation due to static architectures, communication failures in low-signal areas from infrastructure reliance, and passive defense mechanisms struggle to counter coordinated attacks, while high-latency encryption algorithms further compromise framework real-time performance. To address this, we propose a blockchain-based dynamically adaptive restructuring framework. It enables real-time IoV cluster restructuring by splitting overloaded IoVs to reduce communication overhead, or merging nearby IoVs to optimize resource utilization. In infrastructure-sparse zones, vehicles establish temporary multi-hop communication links based on relative mobility to ensure continuous connectivity. A multi-layered security mechanism integrates physical validation, event verification, and majority voting, achieving over 95% resistance to data tampering. Compared to Raft, PoS, and PBFT, our framework improves consensus speed by 27.06%–38.56%, and reduces transaction latency by 7%–35%, 15%–54%, and 27%–66%, respectively. It also maintains high robustness under dense traffic, high mobility, and weak signals, offering a proactive, adaptive security paradigm for intelligent transportation frameworks.
Jiawei Shi, Yebo Feng, Konglin Zhu et al.· ACM Transactions on Internet...· 0 citations