Do MLLMs Really Understand Low-Resource Khmer Documents? A Pilot Study on Khmer Document VQA

Abstract

Recent multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have advanced document understanding, visual question answering, and text extraction. However, their reliability in low-resource, non-Latin settings remains uncertain. Khmer form documents present particular challenges because they contain complex script forms, mixed Khmer-English fields, and monetary values in both Cambodian Riel and US Dollars. Available resources for Khmer Document VQA are also limited. This paper presents a pilot diagnostic evaluation of open MLLMs on Khmer document images. We construct an evaluation subset from the previously introduced KH-FUNSD collection, covering invoices, receipts, quotations, and other business forms. The subset includes questions in English and Khmer, with answers retained in their original English, Khmer, mixed-script, or numeric forms. Rather than introducing a full public benchmark, this study examines the capabilities and failure modes of existing models. We evaluate representative open Qwen-VL models using direct image-based prompting and compare parser-assisted and external OCR-assisted configurations with Qwen3-VL-8B. Direct Qwen3-VL-8B outperforms smaller models, achieving 51.9% overall accuracy, although performance remains limited for Khmer-script and mixed-script answers. External OCR produces the strongest results, reaching 61.9% with Tesseract and 61.6% with PaddleOCR. Nevertheless, Khmer-script answers remain substantially more difficult than English and numeric fields. The results indicate that current MLLMs can process visually clear English and structured numeric content, but reliable native Khmer document understanding remains an open challenge.