Atherosclerosis as a key factor in the development of cerebrovascular disorders: a literature review

Abstract

Atherosclerosis of extra- and intracranial arteries is the primary pathogenetic substrate for both acute and chronic forms of cerebral ischemia, which remains a leading cause of disability and high mortality on a global scale. This article analyzes data from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, original studies, and professional consensus statements published between 2015 and 2025. The authors examine leading risk factors for the disease and the diagnostic significance of biomarkers. We analyzed age-related, gender, socioeconomic, and racial characteristics, as well as cardiovascular risk in extra- and intracranial arterial atherosclerosis, with specific focus on the pathogenetic features of these lesions. The comparative diagnostic value of imaging techniques for detecting early manifestations of atherosclerosis is described. Priority directions in the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular disorders are identified, which could significantly reduce morbidity and improve long-term prognosis and quality of life for patients.