Assessment of the contribution of upstream landowners to watershed protection among communities adjacent to Amani Nature Reserve, Muheza District, Tanzania

Abstract

Watershed protection practices play a critical role in sustaining ecosystem functions, enhancing agricultural productivity and improving rural livelihoods, particularly in ecologically fragile areas such as Muheza District, Tanga Region, Tanzania. Recognizing their importance, this study assessed watershed protection practices among upstream landowners, examined the association between socio-demographic characteristics and adoption and non-adoption of these practices, and evaluated their economic contributions to household livelihoods. A cross-sectional research design was employed using a mixed-methods approach, including household surveys, focused group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs). Two villages namely, Mlesa and Kisiwani were purposively selected based on accessibility and active engagement in watershed protection practices. Findings indicate that majority of households engage in multiple conservation practices including agroforestry (29%), terracing (23%), contour farming (19%), zero grazing (14%), application of organic fertilizers (9%) and mulching (6%). Findings further show that both adoption and non-adoption of watershed protection practices are associated with some socio-demographic characteristics, reflecting differences in resource access, labour availability and livelihood conditions across households. The study also demonstrates that watershed protection practices contribute to household livelihoods through income generation, although the benefits vary across practices. The study conclude that upstream landowners actively engage in diverse watershed protection practices, driven by both ecological and economic considerations, although adoption remains uneven. Strengthening extension services, improving access to technical trainings and promoting incentive-based approaches are recommended to enhance adoption and ensure the long-term sustainability of watershed conservation initiatives.