Synthesizing Trends in Research on Impact of School Facilities and Students Academic Performances: A PRISMA-Based Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

School facilities are widely recognized as important determinants of students' learning experiences and academic success. This study synthesized existing research on the relationship between school facilities and students' academic performance using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. The review aimed to identify research trends, summarize empirical evidence, examine methodological approaches, and highlight gaps in the literature. A systematic search of Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, and ScienceDirect identified relevant studies published in English between 2014 and 2025. Eligible studies were selected using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and analyzed through descriptive and thematic synthesis. The findings consistently indicated that the availability, adequacy, quality, and maintenance of school facilities positively influence students' academic performance. Well-equipped classrooms, libraries, science laboratories, ICT facilities, sanitation facilities, furniture, and recreational spaces were associated with improved learning outcomes, student motivation, attendance, and engagement. The review also revealed that quantitative research designs predominated, while mixed-methods and longitudinal studies were relatively limited. Furthermore, disparities in the provision and quality of school facilities between urban and rural schools, particularly in developing countries, continue to affect educational outcomes. The study concludes that sustained investment in educational infrastructure, equitable distribution of school facilities, effective maintenance practices, and increased support for rigorous future research are essential for enhancing students' academic performance and improving the quality of education.