“Four-in-One” Coal Mine Safety Management Method for Coal Mines Based on Time and Space Characteristics of Potential Safety Hazards

Safety, Security and Process Risk Management in the Chemical Industry: A Review of Risk Assessment, Disaster Preparedness and Emerging Technologies

The chemical process industry is indispensable to modern society but involves inherent risks associated with toxic, flammable, reactive and corrosive substances, high pressures and temperatures, complex process interactions and large inventories. Although major accidents are relatively infrequent, their consequences may extend beyond the plant boundary and affect workers, emergency responders, communities, infrastructure and the environment. This review re-examines chemical-industry safety and security from an integrated process-safety and disaster-risk-management perspective, using the author's earlier article as its foundation while substantially rewriting and expanding its content. The review covers hazard identification, HAZOP, What-If analysis, FMEA, fault-tree analysis, Layer of Protection Analysis, quantitative risk assessment, inherently safer design, management of change, safety instrumented systems, mechanical integrity, human factors, emergency planning and community preparedness. It also considers natural-hazard-triggered technological accidents, the Indian regulatory framework and international approaches including OSHA Process Safety Management and ISO 45001. Recent developments in digitalization, sensors, predictive analytics, digital twins and artificial intelligence are examined as opportunities for early warning and decision support, together with their cybersecurity and human-factor implications. The review concludes that effective chemical safety cannot depend on a single safeguard. It requires a continuously verified system integrating safer design, reliable equipment, competent people, strong safety culture, emergency preparedness, physical and cyber security, and organizational learning.

on Dynamic Investigation and Closed-loop Management of Safety Hazards in Construction Sites

Research on the Causes of Chemical Process Explosion Accidents in the Energy Industry and Optimization of Safety Management

: The chemical plants in the energy industry are characterized by high temperatures and pressures, flammable and explosive media, continuous production, and clustered facility distribution, making them a high-risk scenario for major hazardous chemical explosions in China. Current domestic research primarily focuses on general chemical scenarios, with a notable lack of specialized accident tracing studies addressing the production attributes and field operation conditions of the energy industry. The existing safety management system exhibits insufficient adaptability to on-site operational conditions, featuring prominent gaps in preemptive risk prevention and fragmented control measures. Based on the theory of energy accidental release and process safety management theory, this study analyzes the multi-level causes of explosion accidents from six dimensions—human, machine, materials, methods, environment, and management—using typical industry accident samples from the past decade. It identifies shortcomings in the industry's safety management while addressing energy production constraints, proposing an optimized closed-loop safety management system for the entire process and supporting implementation mechanisms. This research provides a theoretical foundation and practical support for process explosion risk prevention in the energy chemical industry, as well as for improving the industry's safety supervision system.

Research on an urban and rural integrated water supply safety risk management framework coupling analytic hierarchy process–entropy weighting method with hazard analysis and critical control points in China

Integrated AHP-EWM and HACCP framework for URIWS safety management, combining macro-level risk assessment, treatment process control, and water quality validation. In China, Urban and Rural Integrated Water Supply (URIWS) systems are confronted with challenges arising from diverse water sources, expanded service coverage, and complex management arrangements. This study develops and validates an integrated safety risk management framework that combines macro level risk assessment with micro level process control. The combined Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)–Entropy Weighting Method (EWM) indicates that water source risk (0.365) and treatment risk (0.256) constitute the primary safety risks within the system. Meanwhile, relatively high weights are associated with the compliance rate of raw water quality, water supply reliability, facility operational integrity, and emergency management capacity. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) is applied to micro level process control at plant A. The results indicate that the effluent turbidity of the high efficiency sedimentation tank is reduced to within the range of 0.98–1.25 NTU, while the aluminum concentration in finished water is stably controlled at 0.06–0.08 mg/L. In addition, the residual chlorine concentration reaches 0.49–0.64 mg/L, corresponding to critical limit rates of 75, 100, and 85%, respectively. This model effectively bridges risk identification and control, offering a systematic approach for water safety management.

A Study on the Impact of Industrial Accident Prevention Duty Conflict on Safety Management Effectiveness and an Integrated Responsibility Model in Multi-tier Subcontracting of the Power Industry

This study aims to identify the structural causes behind the recurrence of the late Mr. Kim Chunghyun's fatal accident(2025) within the same multi-tier subcontracting structure of the power industry—despite the comprehensive amendment of the Industrial Safety and Health Act(hereinafter “ISHA”)(2020) and the implementation of the Serious Accidents Punishment Act(2022) following the late Mr. Kim Yonggyun's accident (2018)—in the conflict of duties that the ISHA and the Act on the Protection of Dispatched Workers(hereinafter “APDW”) impose on prime contractors, and to propose an integrated responsibility model to resolve it. As its method, this study adopts an integrated approach combining statutory and case law analysis with safety management system analysis. Treating the Kim Yonggyun case as the background of institutional reinforcement, it analyzes the Korea Steel, Gwangju Hak-dong, and Korea Plant Service(KPS) cases, and also reviews precedents on the distinction between subcontracting and worker dispatch(such as the Hankook Tire case). Through this, it examines the operational status and limitations of the safety management systems within the multi-tier subcontracting structures of the five power generation companies and KPS. The analysis yields three findings. First, broadly recognizing the prime contractor's safety obligations causes such compliance to serve as grounds for user-employer status under the APDW, whereas narrowly limiting them fails to secure the effectiveness of safety management—forming a conflict-of-duties structure. Second, this conflict has been realized in both the judicial and administrative domains, as shown by the final acquittal in the Kim Yonggyun case and the recognition of illegal dispatch and the direct-employment corrective order in the Kim Chunghyun case. Third, while dangerous work is concentrated among subcontractors, their safety management capacity remains the weakest, revealing a structural gap. This study proposes an integrated responsibility model that evaluates the prime contractor's compliance with safety obligations separately from user-employer status under the APDW. It comprises three components: institutional codification of safe-harbor provisions, enhancement of the legal status of power-industry-specific safety management guidelines, and recognition of the safety cooperation relationship as a separate legal category.

Development of an Integrated Safety Assessment Framework for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Gas Pipeline Installation Works in the Indian Construction Industry

Natural gas has emerged as one of the major energy sources supporting India's petrochemical, power generation, fertilizer, refinery, and manufacturing sectors. The continuous expansion of cross-country gas pipeline networks under the national energy infrastructure has significantly increased the demand for safe and reliable pipeline installation practices. However, gas pipeline construction involves several high-risk activities, including excavation, trenching, Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD), pipe lifting, welding, hydrostatic testing, and confined space operations, which expose workers to multiple occupational hazards and increase the likelihood of accidents if appropriate safety measures are not implemented. The present study aims to develop an integrated safety assessment framework for hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk control during gas pipeline installation works. The research focuses on identifying hazards associated with various construction activities, evaluating their risk levels, and recommending appropriate control measures to improve occupational safety and reduce accident potential. The study adopts a comprehensive methodology comprising questionnaire-based survey analysis involving 127 professionals associated with gas pipeline construction, systematic site observation of actual construction practices, Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) for determining root causes of critical accident scenarios, and Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) for qualitative risk evaluation and prioritization. The integration of these techniques provides a systematic approach for identifying unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, human factors, equipment failures, and management deficiencies contributing to construction-related incidents. The findings indicate that unsafe worker behaviour, inadequate supervision, poor safety compliance, ineffective communication, and deficiencies in risk control measures are among the major contributors to occupational accidents during gas pipeline installation. Fault Tree Analysis revealed that seemingly minor unsafe conditions and procedural deviations can combine to produce catastrophic events, while HIRARC effectively prioritizes hazards according to their likelihood and severity, enabling the implementation of suitable engineering, administrative, and personal protective control measures. The study further emphasizes that active management commitment, competent safety professionals, regular site inspections, safety induction programmes, toolbox talks, and continuous monitoring significantly enhance workplace safety performance. The proposed integrated safety assessment framework offers a practical and systematic approach for strengthening safety management in gas pipeline construction projects in India. The outcomes of this research can assist project owners, contractors, safety professionals, and regulatory agencies in improving hazard identification, minimizing occupational risks, enhancing safety compliance, and promoting a proactive safety culture throughout the lifecycle of gas pipeline installation projects.