A Self-Powered Thermogalvanic Hydrogel Dressing for In Situ Wound Monitoring and Enhanced Healing.

Abstract

Wound management critically requires the synergistic integration of real-time monitoring and precise intervention. Current electrical stimulation dressings suffer from external power dependence, poor air permeability, restricted customizability, and decoupled monitoring and treatment. Herein, this study presents a self-powered, breathable porous thermogalvanic hydrogel dressing, which employs a poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate double-network matrix loaded with the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox couple and is endowed with personalized wound-matching capability by DLP-based 3D printing. By coupling the thermogalvanic and active piezoresistive effects, the dressing achieves real-time monitoring of wound temperature and deformation, along with additional functionality for wound exudate detection and pH visualization. Furthermore, the dressing provides biomimetic electrical stimulation without exogenous drugs or external power, enabling closed-loop monitoring and treatment. Integrated with a deep learning algorithm, the dressing delivers 96.5% wound severity classification accuracy and accelerates wound healing in mice, reaching 98.09% closure on day 14. This work offers a new paradigm for precise personalized wound management with potential for clinical translation.