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2026

Scalability and Delay Analysis of XR Traffic in Optical Access Networks

The rapid evolution of 5G and emerging 6G networks requires optical access systems to support immersive extended reality (XR) services with stringent quality-of-service (QoS) requirements, like ultra-low latency and high bandwidth. However, conventional dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) schemes in passive optical networks (PONs) allocate upstream bandwidth solely based on reported queue occupancy, without considering the unique characteristics of XR traffic. To address these limitations, we propose an XR-aware Predictive (XP)-DBA scheme that integrates XR traffic prediction, deadline-aware scheduling, adaptive grant control, and a cycle-controller to proactively allocate bandwidth, prioritize latency-critical packets, and limit polling-cycle growth. We also derive closed-form analytical expressions to characterize XR-specific stability and delay feasibility in PON systems. We evaluate XP-DBA under standardized and burst-enhanced XR traffic models across varying XR user densities and transmission distances of up to 100 km. The results show that XP-DBA will reduce latency, jitter, and polling-cycle time while increasing throughput and supporting higher XR user densities under heavy network loads without violating XR delay bounds. These findings establish XP-DBA as an efficient and scalable scheduling solution for next-generation immersive XR services over long-reach optical access networks.

Akhilesh Patel, Y. Singh · 0 citations
Preprint Aug 2026

DualPI2 Active Queue Management in ns-3: Implementation And Validation

The demand for ultra-low latency applications necessitates advanced network architectures like the Low Latency, Low Loss, and Scalable Throughput (L4S) standard. A core component of L4S is the DualPI2 Active Queue Management (AQM), which ensures the safe coexistence of scalable and classic traffic. Despite L4S's growing adoption, the ns-3 network simulator lacks a high-fidelity, up-to-date DualPI2 model. This paper presents a comprehensive implementation of the DualPI2 AQM in ns-3, while also mirroring the official Linux Kernel architecture. Our model incorporates representative mechanisms previously absent in simulation, such as credit-based Weighted Round Robin (WRR) scheduling, step-marking, and overload protection. To guarantee simulation accuracy, we validate our implementation against a physical Linux testbed across 25 diverse Bandwidth-Delay Product (BDP) scenarios. Results demonstrate that our ns-3 model replicates real-world behavior, ensuring strict throughput fairness and queue delay isolation. Ultimately, this validated model equips the research community with a robust tool to evaluate and advance L4S performance across diverse network topologies, ranging from data centers to wireless home and office environments.

Maria Eduarda Veras, Eduardo Freitas, Assis T. de Oliveira et al. · 0 citations
Preprint Aug 2026

Scaling 5G-TSN Bridges: Operating Regimes, Scheduling, and Time Synchronisation Under Heterogeneous Industrial Traffic

The nascTime framework on OMNeT++/Simu5G is used to evaluate how many TSN endpoints a single 5G NR cell can bridge before per-flow QoS degrades, showing that sub-3 ms TSN deadlines may require radio-configuration changes such as configured grants or higher numerology.

Mohamed A. M. Seliem, U. Roedig, C. Sreenan et al. · 0 citations
Aug 2026

B-CUBE: a burst-aware 5G-TSN architecture and its large-scale mixed-flow scheduling

B-CUBE is proposed, a novel burst-aware 5G-TSN architecture that equips each industrial node with co-deployed TSN and 5G system bridges to enable wired, wireless, and dual-mode transmission, and designs a set of e-cient cross-domain mixed-flow scheduling algorithms.

Yi Xue, Jie Jia, Hao-Yang Mao et al. · 0 citations
Conference 2026

Controlling Adaptive HARQ Erasure Coding for Real-Time Transport Under Channel Model Mismatch

A closed-loop control architecture is presented that applies an adaptive safety margin to the network estimates, ensuring the system meets a deadline-constrained reliability target, and it is demonstrated that the system converges towards the target loss rate, even under model mismatch, while also quickly adapting to shifts in network conditions.

Moritz Miodek, Marlene Böhmer, T. Herfet · 0 citations
Book Open access Aug 2026

Simplifying Prioritization and Scheduling with P2CS

Evaluation on representative workloads demonstrates that P2CS achieves performance comparable to in-network mechanisms while significantly reducing complexity and cost, and requires minimal software changes making it readily deployable in today's datacenter infrastructure.

Ali Munir, Xiaolin Pang, Junyi Zhang · 0 citations

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