Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation as Regenerative Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized byimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin and risk of acute and chronic metabolic complications. Despite advances in insulin formulations and glucose monitoring technologies, current therapies have not restored endogenous insulin secretion nor corrected the underlying immune dysregulation. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation emerged as a potential regenerative and immunomodulatory strategy aimed at preserving or restoring beta cell mass. The purpose of this systematic review was to critically evaluate preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the therapeutic role of mesenchymal stem cells in Type 1 Diabetes. A structured systematic search of major biomedical databases was conducted, applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and qualitative synthesis of eligible studies. Available evidence indicated that mesenchymal stem cells exert beneficial effects through immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory signaling, enhancement of islet survival, and promotion of endogenous repair mechanisms, with several early-phase clinical trials demonstrating improvements in C-peptide levels, reduced insulin requirements, and favorable safety profiles. However, heterogeneity in cell sources, dosing protocols, and study design limited definitive conclusions regarding long-term efficacy. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation represented a promising but still investigational approach for Type 1 Diabetes, warranting rigorous large-scale trials and standardized therapeutic protocols. Keywords: Type 1 Diabetes, Mesenchymal stem cells, Beta cell regeneration, Immunomodulation, Regenerative medicine.