THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE PREVENTION: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Abstract

Background. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide and are strongly associated with modifiable lifestyle factors such as physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour. Aim. The aim of the review is to analyse the role of physical activity in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and to summarise the underlying physiological mechanisms responsible for its protective effects. Material and Methods. This study is based on a narrative review of scientific literature published between 1990 and 2024. The analysis included systematic reviews, meta-analysis, randomised controlled trials, and large cohort studies examining the relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular outcomes. Results. The findings indicate that regular physical activity significantly reduces cardiovascular risk by improving endothelial function, lowering blood pressure, enhancing lipid metabolism, increasing insulin sensitivity, and reducing systemic inflammation. Additionally, sedentary behaviour has been identified as an independent risk factor contributing to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Conclusions. Physical activity plays a fundamental role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and should be promoted as a key component of both primary and secondary prevention. Reducing sedentary behaviour alongside increasing activity levels is essential for improving population health outcomes.