A Review of Non-Linear Vibrations in Heavy Trucks: Challenges, Control Strategies, and Advances in Suspension Technologies

Abstract

Non-linear vibrations in heavy trucks affect transportation efficiency, vehicle durability, and operational safety. They arise from interactions among suspension components, tire–road dynamics, and varying payloads, increasing fuel consumption, component wear, and cargo damage. This study reviews advances in the characterization, modeling, and control of non-linear vibration in heavy truck suspensions. Studies published between 2000 and 2024 were retrieved from Scopus, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect and SpringerLink and screened against predefined criteria ([N] studies included). Existing analytical and computational models capture fundamental dynamics, but their accuracy is limited by dynamic loading, geometric effects, and stochastic road inputs. Semi-active and active suspensions improve vibration suppression yet need better adaptability in unpredictable environments. Opposite-phase (counter- phase) force control, in which an actuator applies a force opposing the measured body motion as in active noise control, is examined and compared with passive, semi-active and active suspensions in terms of control principle, reported vibration reduction and limitations. Its potential for improving ride comfort and reducing structural loads is assessed against the reported evidence. Key research gaps include adaptive suspension design, real-time non-linear vibration prediction, and intelligent control. Addressing them is essential for sustainable, reliable, and cost-effective freight transportation.