Characteristics of Hemorrhagic Stroke in Indonesia: a Literature Review

Abstract

Hemorrhagic stroke remains a major contributor to mortality and disability in Indonesia. However, comprehensive national data describing its demographic and clinical characteristics across age groups remain limited. Understanding these characteristics is essential for improving prevention and management strategies. This literature review was conducted in February 2026 using Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Garuda databases. Articles published between 2016 and 2026 were identified using keywords based on the Population–Concept–Context framework. Study selection followed PRISMA guidelines. Data extraction included study characteristics and main findings, and analysis was performed narratively. Hemorrhagic stroke most commonly occurred in patients aged ≥45 years and was generally more frequent in males. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was the predominant subtype, with bleeding mainly located in deep cerebral and supratentorial regions. Hypertension was the most significant risk factor, often accompanied by other comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, and heart disease. Hemorrhagic stroke in Indonesia is strongly associated with hypertension and commonly involves intracerebral bleeding in deep brain regions, highlighting the importance of risk factor control for prevention.