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Book Open access Aug 2026

Empowering Satellite IoT for Faster Image Transfers

LEO satellite networks are emerging as a global-scale connectivity infrastructure for regions beyond the reach of terrestrial networks. Among them, satellite IoT targets low-power, low-cost IoT applications; however, our real-world measurements reveal that today's commercial satellite IoT still faces substantial challenges in supporting large-volume data transfer for real-world IoT applications. Our results show that a highly-compressed image of only tens of kilobytes typically takes 6–10 hours, extremely exceeding the application time requirements. We find that the bottleneck lies in the direct-to-satellite upload stage, where usable contacts are scarce and underutilized. Moreover, simply adding more nodes does not provide proportional gains, as beacon-triggered upload opportunities remain isolated and exhibit weak correlation. Based on this observation, we propose Co-DtS, a multi-interface upload system that promotes observed beacons into cross-interface coordination signals. Trace-driven evaluation with commercial devices shows that Co-DtS reduces image completion time from 7.62 hours to 0.9 hours.

Jinhong Liu, Ziyue Zhang, Xianjin Xia et al. · 0 citations
Preprint Aug 2026

Centralized RAN for Future Low-Power Wide-Area Networks: A LoRa Case Study

In recent years, low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies have gained significant traction as a connectivity option for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. While these networks have been successful in providing long-range, low-power, and low-cost connectivity, they currently face scalability, reliability, and efficiency challenges that require immediate attention. In this paper, we first identify important challenges for LPWANs. We then advocate for the introduction of a centralized radio access network (C-RAN) architecture tailored for LPWANs and present a proof-of-concept implementation and deployment of the proposed C-RAN for the widely popular long range (LoRa) standard. We also provide experimental results to demonstrate and quantify the increased sensitivity that can be obtained from joint processing of the baseband signals of multiple receivers, enabled by the proposed centralized architecture in quasi-static scenarios and drone-mounted transmitters.

Joachim Tapparel, Amavi Dossa, El-Mehdi Amhoud et al. · 0 citations
Book Open access Aug 2026

Planet-Scale IoT Connectivity via LEO Satellites

Direct-to-LEO Satellite (DtS) is widely touted as the path to global IoT connectivity, yet its real-world performance remains opaque. We present the first large-scale, in-the-wild measurement of DtS using one of the world's largest operational satellite IoT networks. Our findings overturn a popular belief: DtS capacity is not the pressing issue. Instead, DtS today is held back by low throughput, long-tail latency, and poor energy sustainability—problems that fundamentally limit practical adoption. We pinpoint the architectural and protocol-level causes behind these bottlenecks, revealing systemic inefficiencies across today's DtS designs. Guided by these insights, we redesign the DtS protocol with three drop-in enhancements: a NACK-driven reliability strategy that unlocks higher throughput, a flow-control mechanism that trims long-tail delays, and a fine-grained sleep management that cuts wasted energy. We validate the redesigned protocol through both testbed experiments and live production deployments, demonstrating 2.1× higher throughput, 52% fewer long-tail latencies, and 38% energy reduction.

Ziyue Zhang, Xianjin Xia, Ruonan Li et al. · 0 citations
2026

Async-Hop: Energy-Efficient Multihop LoRaWAN With On-Demand Event Transmissions

Recently, the need for monitoring industrial and agricultural areas has led to the increased adoption of low power wide area network (LPWAN) sensor networks, which utilize a primary group of data transmission technologies. Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) networks, which operate using a specific transmission protocol within the LPWAN framework, have gained significant importance in these applications due to their energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness. As monitored areas grow and become more remote, the traditional LoRaWAN protocol faces challenges in scalability and wide-area coverage. This issue is typically managed by adding additional gateways, though this solution increases both infrastructure costs and gateway-to-server connectivity complexity. Recent research has explored multihop schemes to address these limitations; however, these schemes currently support only periodic transmissions, as relay nodes require prior knowledge of transmission times to wake up and forward packets. This reliance on periodic transmissions limits the protocol’s flexibility, making it less responsive to non-periodic or event-driven data needs. This work introduces a novel approach that leverages wake-up radio (WuR), supporting not only periodic but also asynchronous and event-based data retransmissions while maintaining high energy efficiency. Therefore, this work overcomes the limitations of asynchronous and event-driven transmissions without requiring continuously active receivers, achieving high energy efficiency and supporting a theoretically unlimited number of hops. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the network capacity of the proposed LoRa multihop protocol outperforms that of a three-gateway topology, while also achieving higher energy efficiency than an Adaptive Data Rate (ADR)-enabled single-gateway LoRaWAN setup.

G. Mavros, Konstantinos F. Kantelis, Petros Nicopolitidis et al. · 0 citations
Open access Aug 2026

Experimental Validation of a Distributed 5G Core with Store-and-Forward for IoT Sensing over LEO Non-Terrestrial Networks

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) are emerging as a promising connectivity solution for Internet of Things (IoT) sensing applications deployed in remote, isolated, or infrastructure-limited environments. However, sparse LEO constellations inherently lead to intermittent connectivity, long service gaps, and frequent disruptions, challenging conventional 5G architectures that assume continuous end-to-end availability. This paper presents and experimentally validates a distributed 5G Core architecture enhanced with Store-and-Forward (S&F) capabilities to enable reliable delivery of IoT sensing data over intermittently connected LEO-NTN scenarios. The proposed architecture distributes selected 5G Core functions between ground and satellite nodes and introduces an S&F module capable of locally buffering uplink IoT data during periods without feeder-link connectivity and forwarding them once the ground connection is restored. A functional prototype is implemented using Open5GS, UERANSIM, and an emulated satellite node, and experimentally evaluated under representative intermittent-connectivity conditions. The results demonstrate that the proposed architecture successfully preserves and delivers IoT sensing data across temporary link disruptions. The experimental findings confirm the feasibility of integrating S&F mechanisms into distributed 5G Core architectures and provide practical insights into the design of resilient IoT sensing services over sparse LEO constellations.

V. M. Baeza, Francesc Xavier Romero Soto, Raúl Parada et al. · 0 citations
2025

Role of Ultra Dense Network and Its Effectiveness

This research Paper focuses on an Ultra-Dense Network (UDN) is a core enabling technology for 5G and 6G wireless systems, proposed to meet escalating capacity demands and support new high-rate, low-latency services. The fundamental principle is network densification, achieved by deploying a massive number of low-power Access Points (APs) and communication links per unit area, dramatically shortening the distance between transmitters and receivers to improve signal quality and spatial frequency reuse. Ultimately, the successful operation of UDNs relies heavily on advanced, AI-driven management systems to dynamically optimize resources, manage interference, and ensure seamless, high-performance connectivity in an inherently complex environment: Our key objectives are improving the Massive Capacity and Data Rates, Enhanced Coverage and Reliability, Ultra-Low Latency, Massive Connectivity Internet of Things (IoT) to maintaining the advanced resilient communication system all the time and every times.

P. Pradhan, Pramod D Gangejar · 0 citations

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