Decarbonizing Urban Rail: An Integrated Assessment of Energy Strategies for the Jakarta Metro

Abstract

Rapid expansion of urban rail systems in emerging economies is driving substantial increases in electricity demand, raising challenges for long-term decarbonization. This study examines decarbonization pathways for the Jakarta Metro through a combination of rooftop solar photovoltaics (PV), energy efficiency measures (EEMs), wayside energy storage systems (WESS), and renewable energy procurement under regulatory and market constraints. Energy demand is projected to increase from approximately 62,600 MWh/year in 2024 to nearly 800,000 MWh/year by 2060, driven primarily by network expansion. EEMs provide the most immediate reductions, with energy saving of 1,300 MWh/year and payback periods below three years. WESS offers additional saving of 7,357 MWh/year though with longer payback periods. Onsite solar PV contributes up to 11,700 MWh/year but is constrained by available space. Despite these measures, around 85% of electricity demand must ultimately be met through grid supply. The findings suggest that while efficiency and onsite generation are important, deep decarbonization depends on access to renewable electricity procurement mechanisms. The study highlights how regulatory structure, grid dependence, and financing arrangements shape feasible decarbonization pathways for urban rail systems in non-liberalized electricity markets.