A Smart Geographic Routing Algorithm Based on TOPSIS for Congestion Mitigation and Void Areas Bypassing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are well-established, smart systems whose significance is rapidly escalating. Geographic routing offers many advantages in terms of network reliability and performance. However, they tend to fail in high congestion and the presence of energy holes. To address these challenges, a new geographic routing technique has been introduced to enhance network performance. The proposed routing algorithm is built upon the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). TOPSIS will use four criteria to forward data reports to the best-neighbor node without causing excessive congestion. In addition, the proposed algorithm will be embedded with a technique that retard the energy hole formation and can bypass them effectively without expanding them. The Path Deviation (PD) technique will prevent repetitive sending along the same paths. PD technique removes the previous forwarding node from the routing table. The proposed routing algorithm outperforms the benchmark algorithms, delivering notable improvements in packet error rate, reaching 29.3% and 16.4% compared to the FTR and EEGR algorithms, respectively. Moreover, the proposed routing algorithm demonstrates enhanced performance over the benchmark algorithms, achieving gains in packet delivery ratio of 2.6% and 1.16%, respectively. At the same time, it outperforms the network lifetime of the FTR algorithm by 28.4% and the EEGR algorithm by 11.7%. Lastly, it reduces latency by 12.2% compared with FTR and 18.2% compared with EEGR.