Concentration of Heavy Metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb etc.) of Sachet Water Sampled in Rivers North Senatorial District, Rivers State

Abstract

Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Cd) in the sachet water sample of the Rivers North Senatorial District of Rivers State, Nigeria, and to assess the health hazards. Procedure: Descriptive and experimental design was used whereby thirty-six sachet water samples were purposely selected among the popular brands in eight local government areas. The laboratory of the Nigerian Institute of Marine Pollution and Control, University of Port Harcourt was used to analyze the samples in terms of heavy metals and physicochemical parameters. Also, microbial contamination was determined and Hazard Index (HI) of non-carcinogenic effects was determined by Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Target Hazard Quotients (THQ). Findings: The results showed that chromium and cadmium concentration exceeded the recommended limit of WHO and NSDWQ in some sachet water brands, with a concentration of up to 0.097 mg/L -1 of chromium and 0.098 mg/L -1 of cadmium. The lead levels were not exceeded, and the copper content of some brands was close to the regulatory limit. The level of zinc and iron was considered to be safe. The HI calculation showed that cadmium and chromium exposure were a great health hazard especially in urban centres like Port‛Harcourt and Emohua. Conclusion: This paper highlights the high levels of heavy metal contamination of sachet water, especially chromium and cadmium, which have a potential long-term health hazard. It emphasizes the need to monitor and regulate the drinking water with regularity to promote its safety. Recommendation: Regulation and Monitoring: The regulatory bodies are to introduce more stringent water-quality inspections and carry out frequent testing of heavy metals in sachet water.