The assessment of these biomarkers enhances the understanding of metabolic differences between T1DM and T2DM, however, these findings are exploratory and require validation in large, controlled studies.
Abstract
Adipokines play an important role in metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation, and may provide distinct contributions to the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The differences in roles of the adiponectin-leptin ratio (ALR), visfatin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the various subtypes of diabetes are still not fully understood. This cross-sectional study involved 141 participants, divided into healthy controls (n = 47), patients with T1DM (n = 47), and patients with T2DM (n = 47). Serum adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, TNF-α, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and serum insulin levels were measured. The ALR was calculated. Insulin resistance and β-cell function were examined using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) indices. We performed group comparisons, correlation studies, logistic regression tests, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. The differences observed were all statistically significant. Participants with T2DM showed a more adverse metabolic profile, characterized by greater waist circumference and higher levels of FPG, HbA1c, serum insulin, leptin, and TNF-α, along with lower levels of adiponectin and ALR. Participants with T1DM also exhibited altered adipokine profiles compared to controls, notably with increased levels of leptin and TNF-α. All diabetic groups had decreased levels of visfatin, with the T2DM group showing the largest reduction. ROC analysis demonstrated effective discrimination of TNF-α, ALR, and visfatin in this group. This study highlights the different inflammatory and adipokine profiles across diabetes subtypes. The assessment of these biomarkers enhances the understanding of metabolic differences between T1DM and T2DM. However, these findings are exploratory and require validation in large, controlled studies.
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health challenge marked by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Emerging evidence highlights the role of low-grade inflammation in its pathogenesis and cardiovascular complications. Proinflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are implicated in insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine the association of serum IL-6, TNF-α, and hs-CRP with glycemic control and cardiometabolic risk in T2DM patients.
Materials and Methods: A hospital-based case–control study was conducted among T2DM patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters, including fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), and lipid profile, were assessed. Serum IL-6 and TNF-α were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and hs-CRP by immunoturbidimetric assay. Cardiometabolic risk was evaluated using body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, lipid indices, and atherogenic markers. Statistical analyses included group comparisons, correlations, and multivariable regression.
Results: T2DM patients had significantly elevated IL-6, TNF-α, and hs-CRP compared to controls. These biomarkers correlated positively with fasting glucose, HbA1c, BMI, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and inversely with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Regression analysis confirmed their independent association with poor glycemic control and heightened cardiometabolic risk.
Conclusion: Elevated IL-6, TNF-α, and hs-CRP reflect chronic inflammation and are strongly linked to impaired glycemic control and cardiometabolic risk in T2DM. These biomarkers may serve as adjunctive tools for risk stratification, disease monitoring, and personalized therapeutic strategies to mitigate diabetes-related cardiovascular complications.
Md Faisal Iqubal, A. Jyoti, Saumya Chandra et al.· Asian Journal of Medical Sci...· 0 citations
Chronic low-grade inflammation and adipose tissue dysfunction are both implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), though adipocytokine and inflammatory marker profiles appear to vary across populations. This hospital-based case-control study compared circulating adiponectin, leptin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?), C-peptide, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) between 40 Asian Indian patients with T2DM and 40 non-diabetic controls, nested within a cohort recruited for femur bone surgery. Adiponectin, leptin, IL-6, TNF-?, and hsCRP were measured by ELISA; C-peptide was measured separately by chemiluminescent immunoassay. None of the six markers differed significantly between groups (all p>0.05). A post-hoc power analysis showed that observed effect sizes for adiponectin, leptin, TNF-?, C-peptide, and hsCRP were small (Cohen's d = 0.05–0.20), suggesting that any true between-group differences for these markers are likely to be small rather than simply undetected. IL-6 showed a larger observed effect (d = 0.44) that the study had only 49% power to detect, leaving that result inconclusive rather than negative. Adiponectin, leptin, TNF-?, C-peptide, and hsCRP are unlikely to discriminate T2DM from non-diabetic status in this population; IL-6 remains a candidate marker warranting a larger, adequately powered study.
Keywords: Adipocytokines; Asian Indians; C-peptide; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Neha Sharma, T. Aziz, R. Mathur et al.· International Journal of Med...· 0 citations
Background:Adiponectinis an adipocyte-derived hormone with anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, and insulin-sensitizing properties. Reduced adiponectin levels have been associated with obesity, type II diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease (CAD). The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between adiponectin, body mass index (BMI), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in CAD patients with and without type II diabetes mellitus.Methodology:This comparative observational study was conducted in the Department ofGeneral Medicine at Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences from January 2025 to December 2026. A total of 90 subjects were included, among whom 30 patients had CAD with type II diabetes mellitus. Blood samples were collected under aseptic precautions for estimation of serum adiponectin and HbA1c levels. BMI was calculated using standard WHO criteria. Statistical analysis was performed to determine correlations and group differences.Results:The mean BMI was significantly higher among diabetic subjects compared to CAD patients with diabetes (p=0.001). HbA1c levels were also significantly elevated in diabetic patients (p=0.001). Adiponectin showed a negative correlation with BMI (r=-0.14) and a positive correlation with HbA1c (r=0.56) among CAD patients with diabetes mellitus.Conclusion:Altered adiponectin levels are significantly associated with obesity and glycemic status in CAD patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Adiponectin may serve as a potential biomarker for metabolic and cardiovascular risk assessment.
Dr. K.P. Selvarajan Chettiyar, Dr. Niranj B.S· Asian Journal of Medical Res...· 0 citations
Background: Chronic low-grade inflammation is increasingly recognized as an important component of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in insulin resistance, may be associated with worsening glycaemic control. This study compared serum TNF-α concentrations between individuals with T2DM and healthy controls and evaluated the association between TNF-α and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c).
Methods: This comparative case-control study included 120 participants, comprising 60 individuals with T2DM and 60 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Clinical and biochemical parameters were recorded. HbA1c was measured by ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography, while serum TNF-α concentrations were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TNF-α concentrations were compared between study groups and across HbA1c categories among participants with T2DM. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between TNF-α and HbA1c. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify variables associated with T2DM status. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the discriminatory performance of TNF-α, HbA1c, and their combined model.
Results: Serum TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher in participants with T2DM than in controls (34.8 ± 9.6 vs. 13.7 ± 4.3 pg/mL; p<0.001). Among participants with T2DM, mean TNF-α concentrations increased progressively across HbA1c categories, from 21.4 ± 4.2 pg/mL in those with HbA1c of 6.5–7.5% to 45.6 ± 8.5 pg/mL in those with HbA1c >9.5% (p<0.001). TNF-α showed a strong positive correlation with HbA1c (r=0.712; p<0.001). In logistic regression, TNF-α, HbA1c, and BMI were independently associated with T2DM status. ROC analysis demonstrated AUCs of 0.903 for TNF-α, 0.958 for HbA1c, and 0.972 for the combined model.
Conclusion: Serum TNF-α concentrations were elevated in T2DM and were positively associated with HbA1c and worsening glycaemic control. TNF-α may provide complementary information regarding inflammatory activity in T2DM; however, larger prospective and multicentre studies with independent validation are required before its clinical utility can be established.
Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; tumour necrosis factor-alpha; HbA1c; glycaemic control; inflammation; insulin resistance.
Mukul Vyas, Bhavana Tiwari, Rohit Manyal et al.· International journal of sci...· 0 citations
INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased cardiovascular and renal risk, highlighting the need for early biomarkers such as IL-18 and renalase. METHOD: Cross-sectional study including 63 individuals (26 T2DM and 37 controls). Clinical, glycemic, lipid and inflammatory parameters were assessed, as well as IL-18 and renalase gene expression by RT-qPCR. Statistical analyses included comparative tests, Spearman correlation and multiple regression. RESULTS: The T2DM group showed higher age (p=0.012), as well as increased glucose and HbA1c levels (p<0.001). Triglycerides were higher (p=0.003) and HDL was lower (p=0.018), with no difference in LDL. Microalbuminuria was increased in T2DM (p=0.041), with no change in creatinine. Renalase expression was higher in T2DM (p=0.0406), while IL-18 showed no difference (p=0.1833). Positive correlations were found between HbA1c and triglycerides (ρ=0.38; p=0.006), glucose and renalase (ρ=0.29; p=0.031), and HbA1c and renalase (ρ=0.41; p=0.004). In multiple regression, age was an independent predictor of HbA1c (p=0.004), and renalase remained associated with T2DM. DISCUSSION: These findings indicate that T2DM is associated with metabolic alterations and increased renalase expression, related to glycemic control, suggesting its potential as an early cardiometabolic biomarker, while IL-18 was not significantly associated.
Gabriel de Lima Grecco, Tomás Bráulio Alvarez, Wissam Ibrahim Assad Elzayat et al.· Procedings of the 51st Congr...· 0 citations
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) are complex disorders involving metabolic, immune, and hormonal dysregulation. Adipocytokines from adipose tissue influence metabolism, inflammation, and immune regulation. We investigated adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin in relation to thyroid, glucose, and metabolic parameters in adults with T2DM, AITD, both conditions, and healthy controls. A total of 385 adults were recruited. Clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory parameters were assessed, including glycemia, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid antibodies, and serum levels of adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin. Correlation and regression analyses were performed, including models adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. Adiponectin was higher in AITD than T2DM (p=0.012), resistin was higher in T2DM&AITD than controls (p=0.004), and visfatin was lower in T2DM than other groups (p<0.001). In T2DM&AITD, adiponectin correlated positively with age and fT4 and negatively with BMI (p=0.028, p=0.034). Resistin correlated inversely with TSH in AITD (p=0.033). Visfatin correlated inversely with thyroid volume in T2DM (p=0.003) and with waist circumference in AITD and T2DM&AITD (p=0.007, p=0.020). After adjustment, resistin remained higher in T2DM&AITD vs. controls (p=0.013) and visfatin and adiponectin remained lower in T2DM vs. controls (p=0.049 and p=0.045, respectively). This study highlights distinct adipocytokine profiles in individuals with metabolic and autoimmune thyroid conditions. Adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin may be potential biomarkers for disease severity and metabolic dysfunction. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanistic pathways linking adipocytokines to the pathophysiology of T2DM and AITD. Key words Type 2 diabetes mellitus " Autoimmune thyroid disease " Adipocytokines " Metabolic dysfunction.
I. Jochmanova, Z. Schröner, Š. Sotak et al.· Physiological Research· 0 citations
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