Aug 2026· Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College· Vol 24, pp. 73-77· 0 citations· 20 references
TL;DR
Patients with type 2 diabetes demonstrate significant dyslipidemia, elevated atherogenic indices, and increased insulin resistance, and Atherogenic index of plasma emerged as a reliable marker of cardiovascular risk, highlighting the importance of routine evaluation of lipid profiles and atherogenic indices for early detection and prevention of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes.
Abstract
Introduction:Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major metabolic disorder associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and increasedcardiovascular risk. Alterations in lipid metabolism contribute significantly to the progression of atherosclerosis.
Aims: To evaluate lipid profiles, atherogenic indices, and insulin resistance in patients with Type 2 diabetes and compare them with non-diabetic controls.
Methods: A hospital based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 type 2 diabetes patients and 120 age-matched controls. Fasting glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid parameters were measured. Atherogenic indices including Cardiac Risk Ratio, Atherogenic Coefficient, and Atherogenic Index of Plasma were calculated. Insulin resistance was assessed using the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance.
Results: Type 2 diabetes patients exhibited significantly higher triglycerides, total cholesterol, Low density lipoprotein, and atherogenic indices, while High density lipoprotein was reduced compared to controls. Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance values were markedly elevated in diabetics compared to control. (4.82 ± 1.56 vs. 2.12 ± 0.84, p < 0.001). Correlation analysis revealed strong positive associations between Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance and triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, cardiac risk ratio, Atherogenic Coefficient, and Atherogenic Index of Plasma, with Atherogenic Index of Plasma showing the strongest correlation (r = 0.612, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Patients with type 2 diabetes demonstrate significant dyslipidemia, elevated atherogenic indices, and increased insulin resistance. Atherogenic index of plasma emerged as a reliable marker of cardiovascular risk, highlighting the importance of routine evaluation of lipid profiles and atherogenic indices for early detection and prevention of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a one of the leading disease had highest mortality and morbidity in worldwide, which is due to relative are absolute insulin deficiency and resistance adiponectin is a adipocytokine with primary role of regulating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism through insulin secretion and sensitivity in tissues. Therefore, it is of interest to correlate the serum adiponectin with glycemic control and lipid profile in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. This study recruited a total one hundred and twenty subjects, among this sixty type 2 diabetes mellitus and remaining were healthy controls. The fasting venous blood sample were collected for measurement of blood sugars, glycated hemoglobin and lipid profile and adiponectin levels. Serum adiponectin levels were significantly decreased in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients when compared to controls and these levels were inversely correlated with blood sugars, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (P=0.001**). Thus, data show that serum adiponectin might be considered a clinically relevant potential and therapeutic marker for management of blood sugars and lipid profile in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
In patients with type 2 diabetes, WHR and serum uric acid levels are significantly correlated with insulin resistance status, and may provide preliminary insights into the metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes.
The findings suggest that the TyG index and vitamin D status are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors; however, the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference, and prospective studies are needed to confirm these associations.
Sweety Kumari, A. Batta, Manju Sharma et al.· International Journal of Hea...· 0 citations
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk due to chronic inflammation and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Highsensitivity C-reactive Protein (hsCRP) and the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) have emerged as potential biomarkers for identifying cardiometabolic risk, however, their combined relationship with ischemic heart disease remains inadequately explored. To evaluate the association of hsCRP and Atherogenic Index of Plasma with lipid profile and ischemic heart disease among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Materials and methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional observational study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Chittagong Medical College, Department of Endocrinology of Chittagong Medical College Hospital and Chattogram Diabetic Hospital. ‘One hundred (100) type 2 diabetes mellitus patient were included in the study by nonprobability consecutive sampling. Serum hsCRP, lipid profile parameters and AIP were measured using standard laboratory methods.’ ‘Comparative analysis, Pearson correlation, independent sample t-test, and multiple logistic regression were performed to assess relationships between inflammatory status and atherogenic lipid indices.’
Results: ‘Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ischemic heart disease demonstrated significantly higher hsCRP, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol levels compared with those without ischemic heart disease (p < 0.01).’ ‘Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between hsCRP and total cholesterol (r = 0.292) triglycerides (r = 0.325), LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.279) and AIP (r = 0.286). Individuals with hsCRP >3 mg/L showed a significantly higher prevalence of ischemic heart disease (p = 0.009) and greater mean AIP values (p = 0.0001).’ ‘Multiple logistic regression analysis identified triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol as independent predictors of elevated hsCRP, while AIP remained a strong predictor after adjustment for ischemic heart disease (OR = 9.35, p = 0.002).’
Conclusion: ‘Elevated hsCRP is strongly associated with atherogenic lipid abnormalities and increased cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The combined assessment of inflammatory markers and Atherogenic Index of Plasma may enhance early cardiovascular risk stratification beyond traditional lipid profile parameters.’
JCMCTA 2026 ; 37 (1) : 169-175
Shantanu Dutta, Mahmudul Haque, Shantunu Chowdhury et al.· Journal of Chittagong Medica...· 0 citations
Background: Cardiometabolic disease is a cluster of interconnected cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. These include obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, heart disease and type 2 diabetes. In this study, focus was to identify correlation between serum vitamin D3 levels along with Atherogenic Indices of Plasma (AIP) and cardio metabolic biomarkers with a purpose to assess as potential indicators of the cardio metabolic disease risk in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.
Methods: The study was a cross-sectional investigation conducted in a total of 105 patients with diabetes mellitus in Islamabad region of Pakistan. Participants were selected randomly with an age range of 45-79 years. The clinical data sets were analyzed using Pearson correlation, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and independent t-test.
Results: Vitamin D3 showed a strong inverse correlation with the total cholesterol (r=-0.483, p<0.01) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, r=-0.471, p < 0.01). This indicated that higher vitamin D3 levels are associated with the lower levels of these lipids. Additionally, there was a positive correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Significant inverse relationship was noticed between vitamin D3 and triglycerides (r=-0.595, p<0.01). Correlation with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was not found to be significant. Vitamin D3 showed a strong negative correlation with AIP such as CRI-I (r=-0.595, p<0.01) and CRI-II (r=-0.582, p<0.01) indicating the role in reducing cardiovascular risk. An inverse relationship between vitamin D3 levels and AIP in diabetics was found. Lower levels of serum vitamin D3 were associated with higher AIP, suggesting a link between vitamin D3 deficiency and atherogenic dyslipidemia in the population.
Conclusion: Higher vitamin D3 levels are associated with favorable lipid profile, including lower total cholesterol, LDL-C, AIP along with higher HDL-C levels. Lower vitamin D3 levels were also linked to increased atherogenic dyslipidemia and adverse cardiometabolic biomarkers. Findings suggest that vitamin D3 may play a protective role in reducing the cardiovascular risk in individuals with diabetes.
Urooj Ata, Noor-ul-Huda Raja, S. Malik et al.· Biomedical Current Insights· 0 citations
Zinc plays an important role in glucose metabolism and lipid regulation, and its imbalance has been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemia. A case–control study was conducted on 100 patients with type 2 diabetes and 95 controls. Serum zinc levels, metabolic panel and Blood pressure, were measured. Demographic and treatment-related factors were assessed to evaluate their potential influence on trace element status. Moreover, dietary zinc consumption was estimated. Diabetic patients had significantly lower serum zinc levels compared to non-diabetic participants despite comparable intake. In addition, each unit (mcg/dL) increase in serum zinc was associated with 10% lower odds of diabetes prevalence (p = 0.003). Total TC, TG, and LDL were all significantly increased in patients with diabetes (p < 0.001), each 1 mg/dL increase in LDL-cholesterol increased the odds of zinc deficiency by 4% (p = 0.03). Individuals with diabetes had significantly lower diastolic blood pressure as compared to healthy participants (p = 0.01). People with diabetes display different blood pressure and lipid patterns, as well as lower serum zinc concentrations, despite having dietary zinc intake comparable to those without diabetes. Higher serum zinc levels are associated with reduced odds of having diabetes. However, because these findings are based on cross-sectional data, further longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to determine the most effective zinc formulations and dosing regimens.
Sara M. Eladawy, H. Salem, Gehan F. Balata et al.· Scientific Reports· 0 citations
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