Focused Review of Energy Storage and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Military Applications: Relay Drones

Abstract

The main goal of this review, based on selected papers, is to analyze various types of batteries, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, and hybrid solutions in the operation of unmanned aerial vehicles. We discuss the advantages and limitations of current battery solutions, with a particular emphasis on lithium-polymer and lithium-ion batteries, as well as current hybrid solutions and fuel cell technologies in the design of unmanned aerial vehicles for military applications, or more specifically, for relay drones. This article is completed by a discussion of current energy management strategies in the operation of these types of aircraft. Selected examples of possible energy storage types and their impact on relay drone design are presented and an indication of future directions for the development of these technologies.