Mechanistic advances in nanomedicine, nucleic acid therapies, and AI-driven research on cervical cancer.

Cancer Nanomedicine: Advanced Nanocarrier Systems, Targeted Drug Delivery, Theranostics, and Emerging Strategies for Precision Oncology

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite substantial advances in diagnosis and treatment. Conventional therapeutic approaches, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy, are often limited by poor tumor selectivity, systemic toxicity, multidrug resistance, and inadequate drug accumulation at the disease site. Nanomedicine has emerged as a transformative strategy in oncology, offering innovative solutions for targeted drug delivery, improved pharmacokinetics, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and reduced off-target toxicity. Owing to their unique physicochemical properties, nanoparticles can be engineered to overcome biological barriers associated with tumor progression and facilitate precise delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. This review comprehensively discusses the fundamental principles of cancer nanomedicine, including tumor biology, barriers to drug delivery, and critical design considerations for nanocarrier development. Various classes of nanomaterials, including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based systems, inorganic nanomaterials, and emerging biomimetic platforms, are examined with respect to their structural characteristics, therapeutic applications, and translational potential. Particular emphasis is placed on tumor-targeting strategies, encompassing passive, active, and microenvironment-responsive approaches, as well as on the development of smart stimuli-responsive nanocarriers capable of controlled, site-specific drug release. Furthermore, recent advances in nanotechnology-enabled chemotherapy, combination therapy, gene and RNA delivery, immuno-nanomedicine, and theranostic platforms are highlighted. The integration of diagnostic imaging and therapeutic functions within multifunctional nanocarriers has enabled real-time monitoring of treatment response and personalized cancer management. In addition, challenges associated with safety, toxicity, large-scale manufacturing, regulatory approval, and clinical translation are critically evaluated. Emerging innovations, including artificial intelligence-driven nanocarrier design, biomimetic nanomedicines, and precision oncology approaches, are also explored as future directions for the field.Overall, cancer nanomedicine has evolved from a simple drug-delivery concept into a multifunctional therapeutic platform integrating targeted therapy, molecular imaging, immunomodulation, gene therapy, and personalized medicine. Continued interdisciplinary collaboration and technological innovation are expected to accelerate the clinical translation of next-generation nanomedicines, ultimately improving treatment outcomes and advancing precision cancer care.

Advances in biomimetic nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery in colon cancer

Colon cancer (CC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and its poor prognostic outcome can be attributed to factors such as late diagnosis, tumor heterogeneity, and the failure of conventional chemotherapeutic therapies. Biomimetic nanomaterials that can mimic biological behaviors have recently generated transformative drug carriers with higher biocompatibility, evasion of the immune system, and tumor-seeking capabilities. In this review, recent progresses in biomimetic systems are summarized, such as cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, exosome-based carriers, and ligand-modified nanostructures, with a particular focus on their design paradigm and drug delivery mechanisms and the therapeutic potentiality in CC. Although preclinical investigations reveal potential response, translational barriers to clinical application remain considerable including but not limited to scalability in nanomaterial manufacturing, batch variability in produced materials, and regulatory challenges under FD/EMA regulation. Possible solutions involve cost-effective and scalable macrofluidic and automated bioreactor technologies, comprehensive protocols of exosome isolation and nanoparticle characterization, and systemic harmonization with regulatory frameworks for safety and quality at a stage earlier than the end of the process. Future directions towards combining biomimetic nanocarriers with gene-editing tools, immunotherapies, and phytochemical-based agents for synergistic effects, and the development of novel theranostic systems integrating diagnosis and treatment will be pursued. Overcoming these translational hurdles and interdisciplinary collaborations are critical for biomimetic nanomaterials to fulfil their huge potential to move colon cancer therapy closer to a safer, more effective and clinically practicable reality.

Recent strategies and approaches for the development of molecularly targeted nanomedicine.

Advancements in Lipid Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Future Prospects

The high resistance to therapy, molecular heterogeneity, early metastasis, and quick drug resistance make triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) difficult and even impossible to treat. The conventional chemotherapy is highly toxic, not specifically targeting the tumor, and has limited efficacy, so more sophisticated delivery mechanisms are required. To overcome these shortcomings, lipid nanotechnology is provided as a controlled, targeted, and multifunctional drug delivery system. This review outlines the recent developments of lipid nanoparticles for TNBC, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, lipidpolymer hybrids, ionizable lipid nanoparticles, and biomimetic vesicles. These systems enable improved tumor targeting and delivery of chemotherapeutics, gene editing agents, and combination therapeutics. Rational design, targeting strategies, modulation of the tumor microenvironment, targeting cancer stem cells, and breaking multidrug resistance are highlighted. Pharmacokinetic, safety, manufacturing, regulatory, and translational issues are discussed, along with pre-clinical and emerging clinical evidence. Lastly, future directions are suggested to help develop modular, precise, and clinically scalable lipid nanoparticle systems for effective management of TNBC.

Precision nanomedicine for pulmonary diseases: from molecular targeting to clinical translation

The pulmonary system is a vital interface between the body and the external environment, making it highly vulnerable to environmental, infectious, and genetic insults. Precision nanomedicine offers a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of conventional gene and drug therapies, including safety concerns associated with viral vectors, instability of therapeutic agents, suboptimal cellular internalization, and a critical lack of tissue- and cell-specific targeting. Nanoparticle-based delivery platforms address these challenges by enhancing therapeutic stability and bioavailability, enabling controlled release, facilitating cellular uptake and endosomal escape, and achieving targeted delivery to specific lung compartments. While recent literature often focuses on specific nanoparticle types or isolated pathologies, this work provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of respiratory nanomedicine, bridging fundamental nanoparticle bioengineering with a wide range of pulmonary pathologies and the obstacles to clinical translation. We discuss the key physicochemical properties of nanoparticles for pulmonary biomedical applications, along with advanced design strategies for targeted delivery. Given the unique architecture and physiology of the lung, we compare the advantages and limitations of pulmonary versus systemic administration routes, emphasizing context-specific delivery strategies. Nanoparticle design and therapeutic applications are explored across a broad spectrum of diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, infections, pulmonary vascular disease, cystic fibrosis, asthma, lung cancers, and neonatal pulmonary disorders. Finally, we evaluate the current status of clinical trials, highlighting translational challenges such as biological barriers, long-term safety, and manufacturing. Future perspectives and interdisciplinary strategies are proposed to advance the clinical translation of nanocarriers for respiratory diseases.

Advances in Lipid Nanoparticle Carriers for Cancer Therapy

The composition of core functions of the component of LNPs, molecular evolution trajectory, targeting optimization and so on, and the latest research progress of LNP in targeted delivery of traditional chemotherapeutic agents, specific gene regulation by nucleic acid therapy and combination cancer therapy etc are summarized.