Spider 2.0-AIFunc: Extending Real-World Text-to-SQL to AI-Native SQL Workflows

Text-to-SQL Evaluation Toolkit

HyMIR: A BI-Inspired Hybrid Intermediate Representation for Schema-Agnostic Text-to-SQL

This work revisits generation-target IRs under the BIRD regime and proposes HyMIR, a typed JSON IR designed for enterprise-scale schemas, indicating comparable representational coverage across the two benchmarks and quantifying a hard upper bound on attainable model performance under this IR and compiler stack.

SQL-Zero: Self-Evolving Text-to-SQL

Training a competitive Text-to-SQL agent usually depends on human-annotated natural-language/SQL pairs, which are expensive, domain-specific, and a bottleneck for scaling to new databases. We show it is possible to train a competitive solver with zero annotated pairs. We introduce SQL-Zero, a proposer-solver self-play in which a challenger and a solver start from the same base LLM and the only ground truth is execution against the database itself. The challenger generates SQL pairs calibrated to the solver's current difficulty (targeting"hard but solvable"), and both roles are updated with GRPO in alternating turns, with a template-level repetition penalty on the challenger to prevent diversity collapse. Training on BIRD databases with no labels, self-play improves over the zero-shot base on BIRD dev by 6.6 points at 3B and 7.3 points at 7B. It also scores higher than a matched control trained under the same recipe on human BIRD gold over the same databases, although an exact paired test does not resolve that margin. Transfer depends on scale: at 3B every iteration outperforms the base on unseen Spider databases and under lexical perturbation (Spider-Syn), where it also degrades less than the matched BIRD-gold control, whereas at 7B only the first iteration preserves transfer.

A Cost-Aware Agentic Architecture for NL-to-SQL over Nested Enterprise Schemas, with a New Benchmark

Natural-language-to-SQL systems have ad- vanced rapidly on academic benchmarks, yet production enterprise schemas exhibit graph- like, semi-structured, deeply nested structure that current benchmarks do not measure. We make two complementary contributions. First, we introduce the DevRev NL2SQL bench- mark: 900 execution-verified queries with nested-type and link-graph structure, accom- panied by the Semantic Depth Score (SDS), a schema-agnostic rubric for analytical reasoning depth. Second, we present a cost-aware single- generation agentic architecture whose schema- selection, metadata-retrieval, and error-repair components are designed for the requirements this regime imposes. On the DevRev NL2SQL benchmark the system attains 91.7% answer correctness, a margin of 54.6 percentage points over the next-best baseline; on the Spider 2.0 Snowflake public dataset, it is competitive with leading systems at a single-generation operating point.

BIRD-History: A Benchmark for History-Driven Text-to-SQL with Fine-Grained Knowledge Annotations

BIRD-History is introduced, a benchmark consisting of 1,393 tasks across 11 databases, designed to evaluate text-to-SQL systems'ability to ground underspecified natural language questions using historical SQL scripts, and a plug-in retriever that extracts five types of external knowledge from historical SQL scripts, then retrieves and reranks relevant fragments for query generation.

SQL-Native Vector Search at Billion Scale in Presto