Jul 2026· International Conference Computing Methodologies and Communication· pp. 526-533· 0 citations· 20 references
Abstract
Blockchain technology is a distributed ledger technology that facilitates secure, transparent and decentralised transaction management between peer-to-peer networks without relying on a centralized authority. Despite its potential across various domains, scalability is a primary limitation in the development and evolution of blockchain technology. While Layer-2 execution frameworks and adaptive sharding techniques have shown significant results in overcoming the scalability limitation in blockchain technology, these techniques have generally been studied and developed in isolation. This study presents a comprehensive review of recent blockchain scalability techniques by categorizing these techniques and analyzing their performance characteristics in a comparative manner. The study critically evaluates the techniques in terms of their architecture design, operational mechanisms and performance characteristics while considering the associated trade-offs in terms of computation overhead, storage replication, hardware dependency, scalability degradation for larger node sizes and practical validation. The key insights demonstrate significant heterogeneity in terms of scalability methodologies adopted and environments used for experimentations. Also, enhanced throughput and reduced latency are often coupled with increased architectural complexity. The study highlights the absence of a unified and modular scalability framework capable of coherently integrating execution-layer optimization and shard management. The analytical synthesis presented a framework for understanding existing scalability paradigms and their architectural challenges for decentralised blockchain environments.
This study qualitatively examines ten widely used consensus algorithms within the research context of Bintan, Riau Islands, Indonesia and indicates that DAG/IOTA and Hashgraph achieve the highest throughput with minimal latency, making them suitable for IoT and enterprise-scale applications.
Dodi Setiawan¹, Sri Sutjiningtyas², A. Eka et al.· West Science Information Sys...· 0 citations
Blockchain technology enables decentralized trust, yet traditional blockchain networks face critical scalability limitations under large-scale deployments. Sharding improves throughput through parallel processing, but existing sharded BFT architectures still suffer from severe hierarchical coupling between shards and the verification committee. Moreover, the complex asynchronous competition and backoff/retransmission dynamics in sharded blockchain services remain largely unmodeled, leaving the network-level steady-state behavior of sharded blockchains poorly understood. To address these challenges, we propose D2S-BFT, a novel Decoupled Double-Star Byzantine Fault-Tolerant architecture, which physically decouples local intra-shard consensus from global verification. For rigorous performance evaluation, we establish a randomized-service double-star service system and cast the cross-shard competition mechanism as a finite-source Markov chain. We derive the state transition probability matrix under general load conditions, compute the extended sojourn time, and construct an end-to-end transaction on-chain latency equation that explicitly incorporates encryption overhead, network delay, and queuing delay. The resulting D2S queuing model, expressed in the non-classical Kendall notation L/G/n=2/inf/L-RSS, provides strict theoretical boundary constraints on system performance. It demonstrates that D2S-BFT can effectively alleviate transaction congestion and ensure robust operation, while also laying a rigorous analytical foundation for model-driven configuration optimization in large-scale dynamic blockchain environments.
Ji-Qiang Liu, Lijun Sun, Xiao Chen et al.· 2026 International Conferenc...· 0 citations
Persistent spatial anchors are essential for enabling shared and collaborative mixed reality (MR) experiences, but current anchor management mechanisms are typically centralized and lack transparent governance across multiple stakeholders. To this end, we explore a blockchain-based approach for governing spatial anchors in multi-user MR environments. We design and implement a decentralized anchor registry using a permissioned blockchain architecture that supports auditable anchor lifecycle management and cross-organization validation. A prototype system integrating a blockchain network, gateway services, and an MR client is developed to evaluate feasibility. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed architecture can govern anchor lifecycle operations without degrading on-device rendering performance, while revealing a substantial gap between server-side and headset-experienced synchronization latency. We further analyze system performance from both server-side and device-side perspectives, highlighting the importance of client-experienced latency in MR deployments. The evaluation also shows that appropriate blockchain configuration can significantly reduce governance latency: tuning BatchTimeout from 2s to 500ms lowers latency by about 70% (from 5449ms to 1635ms) without affecting rendering performance on the MR device.
Jubayer Hossain, M. Mahmud, Hong-Hui Xu et al.· International Conference on...· 0 citations
Blockchain-based infrastructures have increasingly been adopted for secure and tamper-resistant management of academic credentials. Despite the advantages offered by blockchain technology, existing blockchain-based credential management systems continue to face several scalability challenges, particularly in terms of limited transaction throughput, increased confirmation delays, and continuous ledger growth resulting from storing individual certificates as separate blockchain transactions. These limitations become more evident in large-scale educational environments where universities and affiliated institutions are required to issue and verify thousands of digital credentials within limited operational timeframes. To overcome these challenges, this work introduces a performance-optimized blockchain architecture for scalable academic credential management. The proposed framework separates certificate preprocessing from blockchain anchoring by incorporating a microservice-based parallel processing layer, Merkle-tree-based batch anchoring, and distributed off-chain storage mechanisms. This modular design reduces blockchain transaction overhead while maintaining the security, integrity, auditability, and verifiability of academic credentials. To assess system performance, a formal analytical model integrating queueing theory and blockchain performance characteristics is developed to characterize system behavior under varying workload conditions. By enabling multiple certificates to be aggregated and committed through a single blockchain transaction, the proposed architecture improves throughput and enhances storage efficiency compared to conventional blockchain-based approaches. Analytical evaluation demonstrates that the system can sustain high certificate issuance rates while maintaining low confirmation latency and minimal on-chain storage growth.
Shweta H. Bhatia, Ravirajsinh S. Vaghela· Blockchains· 0 citations
Blockchain technology offers a potential solution for enhancing access control mechanisms in Internet of Things (IoT) environments. Conventional access control solutions face difficulties in terms of scalability, security, and interoperability, especially when dealing with the extensive and varied nature of IoT networks. The decentralised, irreversible, and transparent ledger system of blockchain provides a robust framework for tackling these challenges. This paper examines the incorporation of blockchain technology into IoT systems for the purpose of access control, with a specific emphasis on recent advancements and methodologies. We examined the benefits, which encompass enhanced security, reduced vulnerability to system failures, and improved openness. In addition, we analysed challenges such as scalability, processing overhead, and privacy concerns. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the current status of blockchain-based access control on the Internet of Things (IoT). Its purpose is to provide researchers with a thorough understanding of the topic, including various approaches, models, standards, platforms, and potential applications for implementing blockchain-based access control in IoT. Out of the total of 207 papers, a subset of 72 were chosen for additional study, by applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected papers were evaluated and summarized to highlight their respective strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, the study examined the suitability and occurrences of using blockchain technology for access control in IoT devices. In the end, the discussion included challenges, potential areas for research, and an explanation of how blockchain technology can be used for access management on the IoT.
Joshua Iranwose Ugbesia, Fortune Ordiah· International journal of re...· 0 citations
This systematic literature review (SLR) investigates the role of blockchain technology in achieving secure decentralized cloud storage. This review synthesizes evidence from 65 peer-reviewed publications (2018–2025) addressing security mechanisms, consensus protocols, privacy-preserving techniques, and scalability challenges in blockchain-enabled decentralized storage systems. Thematic analysis identified four primary focus areas: (1) Security Mechanisms including cryptographic foundations, consensus-based verification, and smart-contract-enabled access control; (2) Consensus Protocols and their performance-security tradeoffs; (3) Privacy-Preserving Techniques addressing the transparency-confidentiality tension; and (4) Technical Challenges including scalability, energy consumption, and regulatory conflicts. Evidence synthesis reveals that while blockchain-based approaches are commonly reported to improve security and auditability compared to centralized cloud storage, methodological limitations and lack of real-world deployments constrain definitive effectiveness claims. This review contributes by: (a) systematically documenting blockchain's technical mechanisms for storage security; (b) identifying critical deployment barriers and their theoretical bases; (c) clarifying the privacy-security tradeoff landscape; and (d) directing future research toward empirical validation and production-ready implementations. The study recommends future research on hybrid blockchain architectures, energy-efficient consensus algorithms, advanced privacy techniques, and more empirical validations to overcome these limitations and promote real-world adoption.
Kamaluddeen Musa Yashi, Isah Muhammad Alhassan, Aminu Adamu Ahmed· Center of Computer Science· 0 citations
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