The Best Optimizer Depends on Batch Size
Xingyu Dang
Kaiyue Wen
Sadhika Malladi
Oct 2026
Machine Learning
Data Science
Abstract
A plethora of new adaptive optimizers are designed to efficiently estimate and use minibatch gradient statistics to shape parameter updates, but they are typically benchmarked at a single batch size. Hyperparameter scaling rules promise to preserve performance as batch size and gradient noise change, suggesting that the best optimizer at one batch size should remain the best at another. We challenge this approach to developing and evaluating optimizers by showing: (1) no principled scaling rule for Muon works consistently across training settings, and (2) the best optimizer for language model pretraining changes with batch size even after extensive hyperparameter tuning.
