2026· IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking· Vol 12, pp. 11670-11681· 0 citations· 43 references
Abstract
To enable global connectivity through 6G, the efficient operation of hierarchical satellite networks that integrate geostationary (GEO) and low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites is paramount. A significant challenge in achieving this operational efficiency lies in the dynamic association between the extensive array of LEO satellites and ground stations (GSs). In LEO satellite constellations, accurately estimating the queuing delay experienced by data along end-to-end (E2E) paths is challenging because of the complex interleaving of routing paths from countless sources and destinations. In particular, the satellite-to-ground links, which possess lower transmission capacity than inter-satellite links, often become critical bottlenecks for delay. Therefore, this study focuses on GS traffic loads and mathematically demonstrates, through convexity verification of queuing delays, that minimizing the maximum load effectively reduces the E2E delay. Building on these findings, we propose a novel GS-LEO association method designed to reduce delay while suppressing the maximum GS load with low computational complexity. Simulation results utilizing real-world parameters, including IXP locations and traffic demand distributions, demonstrate that the proposed method achieves lower E2E delay than existing routing approaches while maintaining a significantly lower computational load compared with strict optimization methods.
A heterogeneous resource allocation strategy for cross-high and low orbit mixed satellite networks is proposed, which takes dynamic communication service demands as input and collaboratively allocates beam bandwidth, frequency, time slot, power and inter-satellite links and other heterogeneous resources.
Zhi-Hao Wang, Hongbin Luo, Zhiyuan Wang et al.· Peer-to-Peer Networking and...· 0 citations
This paper introduces a quantitative framework designed to evaluate and compare Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations for global broadband communications. The analysis considers four representative systems: Starlink, OneWeb, Telesat, and Amazon’s Project Kuiper, capturing both orbital configuration and network architecture as key design characteristics. The proposed methodology integrates a geometric coverage model together with a latency formulation that accounts for propagation delay and routing effects including Inter-Satellite Links (ISL). In addition, a service density metric is introduced to characterize the spatial distribution of satellites and its impact on system capacity. These metrics are combined into a normalized multi-criteria performance index, allowing a consistent and reproducible system-level comparison. The results reveal that, while coverage is primarily governed by orbital altitude, network architecture plays a dominant role in effective latency, with ISL-enabled constellations achieving improved routing efficiency compared to bent-pipe designs. The integrated performance index shows that low altitude, high-density constellations achieve superior overall performance under latency sensitive scenarios. Starlink ranking highest due to its reduced delay and high spatial density. Project Kuiper exhibits balanced performance across all metrics, while OneWeb and Telesat are constrained by higher latency and lower density despite their broader coverage.
Kleiverg Eulalio Encino Morales, Miguel Ángel Sidón Ayala, Rolando Díaz Castillo· Revista de Ciencias Tecnológ...· 0 citations
The incorporation of optical Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs) has allowed Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations to evolve into a fully developed mesh network, capable of propagating traffic between any two points of the globe with minor reliance on ground infrastructure. However, the dynamics of their orbital topology, coupled with the uneven distribution of load demand across distinct geographical regions, poses a unique set of challenges for routing traffic entirely through space. In this paper, we present ATLAS (Adaptive Twin-mode Load-balanced Orbital routing Strategy), a hybrid routing approach for LEO networks that effectively distribute traffic load across the constellation, while being robust against failures. The framework primarily utilizes a centralized routing algorithm to proactively compute paths based on the combined factor of existing traffic loads and latencies of individual ISLs. If the data flow encounters failed links during propagation, ATLAS switches to a distributed algorithm that utilizes the orbital geometry of the constellation to reroute around affected regions. Simulation results show that our heuristics significantly outperform other state-of-the-art approaches from the literature in terms of throughput, load balancing, and robustness against link failures, while offering adequate latency performance.
Anindo Mahmood, Murat Yuksel· International Conference on...· 0 citations
Numerical results indicate that the proposed framework outperforms benchmark schemes while accounting for traffic demands and EE, resulting in a mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP) for which finding a globally optimal solution is generally intractable.
Wooseok Cha, Kyeongsoo Kim, Seonghoon Kim et al.· IEEE Transactions on Wireles...· 0 citations
Recently, the large-scale Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are emerging as a cornerstone of future 6G systems, promising global coverage and massive throughput. However, the complex space environments, such as solar outage and ionospheric scintillation, can lead to regional link impairments that severely undermine connectivity. These adverse conditions can significantly compromise end-to-end paths, which drastically diminishes the reliability of the whole connection and eventually degrade the overall transmission performance. To address these gaps, we propose a novel Agentic AI-driven multipath transmission approach to ensure robust and stable data delivery in LEO satellite networks. It features two key innovations: 1) Intent-based multipath routing scheme: Leveraging a hybrid domain-based architecture, distributed agents perceive regional network states to autonomously establish robust multipath routes aligned with specific intent objectives. 2) Fine-grained Multipath QUIC (MPQUIC) congestion control algorithm: Derived from a multipath fluid model, this algorithm performs fine-grained congestion balancing across all sub-paths, and ensures throughput and TCP-friendliness simultaneously in unstable LEO satellite environments. We evaluate the proposed approach through extensive experiments in the Kuiper K3 shell network simulated via UltraStar. Experimental results demonstrate that this approach significantly outperforms other benchmarks in large-scale LEO satellite networks.
Mengyang Zhang, Yu Sun, Xiaoyu Liu et al.· IEEE Transactions on Cogniti...· 0 citations
The evolution of sixth-generation (6G) networks increasingly demands seamless and reliable connectivity across heterogeneous and geographically dispersed environments, with maritime regions remaining a major challenge due to vast coverage areas, limited terrestrial infrastructure, and complex propagation conditions. In this paper, we investigate the capacity characteristics of space-air-ground-sea integrated networks (SAGSINs) for maritime communications. Specifically, we consider a SAGSIN system comprising a terrestrial base station (BS), a geostationary satellite, a decode-and-forward (DF) relay, and maritime users randomly distributed according to a Poisson point process (PPP). The relay, implemented by either an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) or a large ship, serves multiple maritime users, providing a unified framework for comparing heterogeneous relay platforms and backhaul options. Based on this model, the system performance is analyzed under two representative fading regimes: 1) quasi-static fading, where analytical expressions and tight upper bounds are derived for the outage probability and corresponding outage capacity; and 2) block fading, where closed-form ergodic capacity formulations are obtained to evaluate the long-term average throughput. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations validate the theoretical analysis and quantify the effects of key system parameters. Our results offer insights into the design and optimization of high-reliability maritime communication links, providing guidelines for practical implementation and future 6G SAGSINs development.
Jinpeng Xu, Yingqi He, Lin Zhou et al.· IEEE Transactions on Wireles...· 0 citations
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