Metal‐Organic Frameworks‐Derived Carbon‐Based Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion

Abstract

Carbon compounds generated from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as exceptionally promising functional materials for enhanced energy storage and conversion, owing to their adjustable porosity, extensive surface area, customizable shape, and plentiful active sites. Most recently published reviews on MOF‐derived carbon materials primarily focus on individual aspects such as supercapacitors (SCs), specific electrocatalytic reactions (oxygen reduction reaction ORR/oxygen evolution reaction (OER) or Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)), synthesis strategies, or catalyst design, resulting in fragmented coverage of the field. In contrast, the present review provides a comprehensive and integrated perspective by systematically correlating material design, synthesis strategies, structure–property relationships, and electrochemical mechanisms across both energy storage (SCs, Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs)/KIBs, Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs), and ZABs) and energy conversion (ORR, OER, HER, HOR, CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR), and nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR)). Furthermore, it highlights emerging topics—including advanced synthesis routes, operando/in situ characterization, structure–reaction relationships, pilot‐scale production, commercialization, and future research directions—that are largely underrepresented in existing reviews. Ultimately, critical challenges and future outlooks are discussed, encompassing the creation of innovative MOF‐derived carbon materials, concurrent improvement of catalytic efficiency and stability, a more profound comprehension of internal structure–reaction correlations, the application of operando and in situ characterization techniques, and the advancement of scalable pilot‐scale production methods for practical energy applications.