Fix a prime $p$ and a constant $\frac{1}{p}<\alpha\leq 1$. Consider the random Erd\H{o}s--R\'enyi bipartite graph $G_{\alpha}(n,u)$ with bipartition $(V_1,V_2)$ of sizes $|V_1|=n$ and $|V_2|=\lceil\alpha n\rceil$, and edge probability $0<u<1$. The authors of [1] and [8] conjectured a limiting distribution for the $p$-Sylow subgroup of the sandpile group of $G_{\alpha}(n,u)$ as $n\to\infty$. We prove this conjecture for odd primes $p$. Similar results have previously been proved by computing the expected number of surjections from the random abelian $p$-group to $H$, for each finite abelian $p$-group $H$. However, in our setting, these surjective moments often diverge to infinity, despite the conjectured limiting distribution having finite moments. We resolve this issue by discarding the graphs for which too many vertices have degrees divisible by $p$. Once we remove the contribution of this rare set of graphs, then the surjective moments converge to the expected values. When $p$ is odd, applying Wood's universality theorem yields the desired convergence in distribution. For $p=2$, our computed moments (after excluding the rare set of graphs) match those of the conjectured distribution. However, these moments do not uniquely determine a distribution.
Let $F$ denote the Fano plane, the $3$-uniform hypergraph with $7$ vertices and $7$ edges. Frankl and F\"uredi, and independently Keevash and Sudakov, proved that the largest $F$-free subhypergraph of $K_n^{(3)}$ is bipartite. In this paper, we determine the sharp threshold for this property in the random setting. We show that for $\hat{p} = \Theta_F \cdot n^{-2/3} \left(\log n\right)^{1/6}$, where $\Theta_F$ is an explicit constant depending on $F$, we have: (i) if $(1+\epsilon) \hat{p} \le p = o(1)$, then with high probability every largest $F$-free subhypergraph of $G_{n,p}^{(3)}$ is bipartite; and (ii) if $\frac{1}{n^2} \ll p \le (1-\epsilon) \hat{p}$, then with high probability every largest $F$-free subhypergraph of $G_{n,p}^{(3)}$ is not bipartite. To the best of our knowledge, this work provides the first sharp threshold result obtained for a Tur\'an-type problem in random hypergraphs.
Given graphs $H$ and $F$, the generalized Tur\'{a}n number ${\rm ex}(n,H,F)$ is the maximum number of copies of $H$ in an $n$-vertex $F$-free graph. Alon and Shikhelman (J. Combin. Theory Ser. B, 2016) initiated the systematic study of generalized Tur\'{a}n problems. Let $T$ be a tree on $k$ vertices, and write $n=a(k-1)+b$, where $0\leq b<k-1$. Recently, Gerbner and Palmer (Electron. J. Combin., 2026) proposed the following conjecture: for every $r\geq3$, the graph $aK_{k-1}\cup K_b$ maximizes the number of copies of $K_r$ among all $n$-vertex $T$-free graphs. In this paper, we verify their conjecture when $r=k-2$ or $r=k-3\geq5$. More precisely, we show that ${\rm ex}(n,K_r,T)=a\binom{k-1}{r}+\binom{b}{r}$ and characterize all extremal graphs.
For an $F$-free graph $G$, a non-edge is $F$-saturating if adding it to $G$ creates a copy of $F$. We denote by $f_{p+1}(n,m)$ the minimum number of $K_{p+1}$-saturating non-edges in a $K_{p+1}$-free $n$-vertex graph with $m$ edges. Erd\H{o}s and Tuza conjectured that $f_4\left(n,\mathrm{ex}(n,K_3)+ 1\right)= (1 + o(1)) \frac{n^2}{16}$. Balogh and Liu (JCTB, 2014) disproved this conjecture and determined the asymptotic value of $f_4(n,\mathrm{ex}(n,K_3)+1)$. He, Ma, Ma and Ye (JCTB, 2023) later determined $f_{p+1}(n,\mathrm{ex}(n,K_p)+1)$ asymptotically for every $p\ge 3$, and asked for the value of $f_{p+1}(n,m)$ for all $\mathrm{ex}(n,K_p)+1\le m\le \mathrm{ex}(n,K_{p+1})$ and every $p\ge 3$. In this paper, we answer their question asymptotically for all $\mathrm{ex}(n,K_p)+1\le m\le \mathrm{ex}(n,K_{p+1})$ and every $p\ge 3$. We also determine the exact value of $f_3(n,m)$ for all $0\le m\le \mathrm{ex}(n,K_3)$ by a different method.
Let $P$ be a finite nonempty poset with $n$ elements, let $f:P\to\{1,\ldots,n\}$ be a uniformly random order-preserving bijection, and put $h_P(x)=\mathbb{E}[f(x)]$. Aires and Kahn (2025) introduced $\operatorname{gap}(P)$ as the largest difference between consecutive values in the ordered list consisting of $0$, $n+1$, and all the expected ranks $h_P(x)$. Write ${w}(P)$ for the largest size of a pairwise incomparable subset. We prove three results. First, we prove a weighted strengthening of an ideal inequality conjectured by Kahn and obtain the explicit gap-width bound $\operatorname{gap}(P)\le 2 {w}(P)-1$. Second, for every $L>0$ we construct a width-two poset such that the expected-rank list of every maximal chain has a gap of at least $L$, with $0$ and $|P|+1$ added as endpoints. Finally, for every $r\in\mathbb{N}$, we construct a poset $P_r$ for which the relative order induced on every nonempty selected set $X$ has base-two entropy below $3|X|$, while $\operatorname{gap}(P_r)\ge(3/2)^r$. Thus the gap can be arbitrarily large while the induced order on every selected set has relatively small entropy. The key ideas behind all three results were found by ChatGPT 5.6 Sol.
For a simple graph $G$ with $n$ vertices, write its chromatic polynomial in the rising factorial basis as $$ \chi_G(x)=\sum_{i=0}^{n}(-1)^{n-i}c_i(G)\langle x\rangle_i,$$ where $ \langle x\rangle_i=x(x+1)\cdots(x+i-1).$ The associated $\tau$-polynomial $$ \tau_G(x)=\sum_{i=0}^{n}c_i(G)x^i $$ was defined and systematically investigated by Brenti in 1992. In this paper, we prove that if the $\tau$-polynomials of two vertex-disjoint simple graphs $G$ and $H$ have only real zeros, then the $\tau$-polynomial of their join $G\vee H$ has only real zeros. This settles a conjecture posed by Brenti, Royle and Wagner since 1994.
Given a graph $G$ with degree sequence $d_{1},\ldots,d_{n}$ and a positive real number $p$, let $e_{p}(G)=\sum_{i=1}^{n} d_{i}^{p}$. For a fixed family of graphs $\mathcal F$, let $ex_{p}(n, \mathcal F)$ denote the maximum value of $e_{p}(G)$ over all $\mathcal F$-free graphs $G$ on $n$ vertices. In 2000, Caro and Yuster introduced the following Tur\'an-type problem: For a positive integer $p$ and a fixed graph $F$, determine $ex_{p}(n, F)$, and characterize the extremal graphs $G$ on $n$ vertices that attain $ex_p(n, F)$. Recently, Gao, Liu, Ma and Pikhurko proved that $ex_{p}(n, \mathcal F)=(\tau(\mathcal F)-1+o(1))n^p$ for real $p>\frac{1}{1-\alpha}$, where $\mathcal F$ is a degenerate family of graphs with classical Tur\'an number $ex(n, \mathcal F)=O(n^{1+\alpha})$ for some $\alpha\in[0,1)$, and $\tau(\mathcal F)$ is the minimum size of an independent vertex cover over all bipartite graphs $F\in\mathcal F$. Based on their method, we obtain a stability result for $ex_{p}(n, \mathcal F)$, and prove that all extremal graphs must contain the complete bipartite graph $K_{\tau(\mathcal F)-1,n-\tau(\mathcal F)+1}$ when $n$ is sufficiently large. Our results can be used to deduce all previously known results about $ex_{p}(n, F)$ when $F$ is a bipartite graph and $n$ is sufficiently large. We also obtain several new exact results for $ex_{p}(n, F)$, namely, when $F$ is an even cycle, a complete bipartite graph, a discrete hypercube, a caterpillar forest, and a spider forest.
Ping Hu, Ting Lan, Henry Liu· 0 citations
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