Aug 2026· Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication· pp. 2221-2223· 0 citations· 14 references
Computer Science
TL;DR
COSME is presented, a route-aware, real-time mobility emulator that integrates multiple impairment models - including obstruction-based loss, constellation-induced jitter, precipitation-driven bandwidth reduction, and packet loss at handovers - into a single framework by orchestrating Linux network namespaces via tc and netem.
Abstract
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite links are pivotal for ubiquitous vehicle connectivity, yet their performance is impacted by a complex interplay of weather, constellation dynamics, and physical obstructions. While individual models for these impairments exist, protocol and application designers lack a unified tool to evaluate behavior under realistic, composed LEO conditions. We present COSME, a route-aware, real-time mobility emulator that integrates multiple impairment models - including obstruction-based loss, constellation-induced jitter, precipitation-driven bandwidth reduction, and packet loss at handovers - into a single framework. By orchestrating Linux network namespaces via tc and netem, COSME enables the high-fidelity playback of merged impairment traces. We demonstrate COSME through five diverse application showcases, highlighting the impact of different congestion control algorithms and transport protocols on LEO connectivity.
The availability of abundant solar energy is driving renewed interest in orbital computing infrastructures hosted on Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO) constellations. However, these constellations suffer from limited instantaneous Earth coverage and constrained direct-to-ground, which is clearly incompatible with the connectivity and responsiveness requirements of datacenter clients. In this paper, we propose a hybrid architecture where SSO satellites offload traffic through Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Walker constellations—such as OneWeb and Starlink—which act as a dynamic relay layer toward the ground. We design and evaluate dynamic inter-orbital link topologies enabling SSO-to-Walker connectivity and analyze their performance in terms of link availability, relay opportunities, path continuity, and network resilience. Our results show that leveraging Walker constellations as relays significantly improves SSO systems, effectively compensating for their coverage limitations.
Louis Barbier, Oana Hotescu, Emmanuel Lochin et al.· Conference on Applications,...· 0 citations
This article outlines the fundamental principles of the dual-layer OTA model and introduces the adaptive BH mechanism designed for time-varying topologies, aiming to provide insights for the evolution of ubiquitous non-terrestrial intelligence.
Zhendong Li, Shao-Jie Wang, Zhou Su et al.· 0 citations
The demand for Low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite networking and routing is continuously growing. Container-based satellite network emulation becomes an important networking evaluation choice for LEO satellite network. While many container-based satellite network emulators optimize virtual network efficiency, they often overlook route installation latency—the duration of installing computed routes into kernel routing table. This latency represents a significant bottleneck for emulating large-scale LEO constellations, which are characterized by dynamic topologies and frequent, massive routing re-convergences. High routing installation latency not only reduces emulation efficiency but also compromises evaluation reliability and renders subsequent data transmission experiments infeasible. In this paper, we present a Lock-Free and Filtered Route Installation (LFRI) mechanism. LFRI filters out non-effective route installations, thereby shortening the installation procedure without changing the routing results. LFRI employs a lock-free installation mechanism that enables parallelized and efficient route installation. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared to the legacy Netlink installation, LFRI reduces the route installation latency by up to 99.9% in emulations of typical LEO satellite constellations, bringing it down to under ten milliseconds, within a performance level comparable to routing installation on physical machines. Meanwhile, in the case study evaluating path availability ratio and restoration time, LFRI yields more consistent and credible experimental data.
Wenhao Lu, Zhiyuan Wang, Shan Zhang et al.· Asia-Pacific Workshop on Net...· 0 citations
Low Earth orbit (LEO)-based non-terrestrial networks (NTN) are emerging as a key component of 6G systems, enabling seamless connectivity over wide geographical areas. However, in Earth-moving cell (EMC)-based NTN scenarios, rapid beam movement induces frequent cell boundary crossings, resulting in excessive handover operations and significant signaling overhead. This makes efficient mobility management a critical challenge. Recently, L1/L2-triggered mobility (LTM) and conditional LTM (C-LTM), specified in 3GPP Releases 18 and 19, respectively, have been proposed as advanced handover mechanisms to enhance mobility robustness. Despite their potential, their effectiveness in highly dynamic NTN environments has not yet been systematically evaluated. This paper presents a comprehensive system-level evaluation of 3GPP handover mechanisms in NTN, including baseline handover (BHO), conditional handover (CHO), LTM, and C-LTM. A dedicated simulator is developed to capture the unique characteristics of LEO satellite networks and realistic handover procedures under EMC conditions. The results show that schemes based on LTM and C-LTM significantly improve mobility robustness by reducing radio link failures and interruption time. However, these gains come at the cost of increased handover frequency and potentially increased signaling overhead associated with frequent mobility events and measurement reporting in EMC-based NTN environments. This reveals a fundamental tradeoff between mobility robustness and signaling efficiency. The findings provide quantitative insights into the performance of emerging 3GPP mobility solutions in NTN and offer practical guidelines for designing efficient handover strategies in highly dynamic 6G NTN environments.
Gyoungmin Been, Byung-Kwan Lim, Junsu Kim et al.· IEEE Access· 0 citations
Satellite Computing Networks (SCNs) can extend industrial automation to remote and underserved areas by hosting virtual Programmable Logic Controllers (vPLCs) beyond terrestrial infrastructure. However, industrial control depends on continuous, predictable communication, and recurring satellite handovers and migration delays violate watchdog bounds and disrupt deterministic control. In this demo we present how ORBIT, a cross layer orchestration framework for high-availability industrial control over SCNs, preserves service continuity despite mobility induced disruptions. We demonstrate ORBIT on a robot arm testbed with emulated Low Earth Orbit (LEO) dynamics and show how programmable networking and high-availability mechanisms make industrial control feasible over non-terrestrial computing infrastructures.
Nikolaos Mitsakis, Yannic Breiting, Carlos Guimarães et al.· Conference on Applications,...· 0 citations
Evaluating congestion control is inherently challenging because performance depends on the interaction between the congestion-control algorithm, transport stack, application behaviour, measurement process, and network dynamics. This challenge is growing as state-of-the-art protocols incorporate pacing, selective loss recovery, model-based control, and, more recently, reinforcement learning. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are a particularly demanding setting: rapidly changing paths, handovers, non-congestive loss, RTT variation, and transient hotspots all affect transport behaviour. This paper reports the lessons learned from an extensive evaluation campaign across both simulation and emulation for LEO satellite congestion control. We compare multiple classes of congestion-control algorithms, including Cubic, BBR variants, LEO-specific protocols, and reinforcement-learning-based control, using comparable implementations across OMNeT++/INET simulation and Mininet-based emulation with the Linux transport stack. This gives us a rare opportunity to examine not only protocol performance, but also the methodological strengths and limitations of each experimental environment. Our findings show that simulation is indispensable for constellation-scale exploration, controlled parameter sweeps, and future deployment studies, but can miss behaviours caused by production transport-stack mechanisms such as pacing, SACK, RACK, kernel timing, and rate sampling. Emulation exposes these implementation-dependent effects and provides a necessary validation step, but is harder to scale and less exactly repeatable. We distil these experiences into practical lessons for combining simulation and emulation to obtain results that are scalable, reproducible, and deployment-relevant.
Aiden Valentine, Mihai Mazilu, James Knowles et al.· 0 citations
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