Analysis of the Compatibility of Alternative Fuels in Internal Combustion Engines: A Mini Review

Abstract

Burning fossil fuels for different applications and requirements emits harmful emissions into the atmosphere. As a result, global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions increase, and climate change is observed worldwide. Stringent environmental regulations have been proposed and implemented across all fossil fuel-using sectors that emit high levels of GHGs. The transportation sector is highly dependent on fossil fuels, and internal combustion engines (ICEs) play a major role in this use. To address this harmful emissions challenge, alternative fuels have been proposed as replacements for conventional fossil fuels. Alternative fuels show promising results when used as replacement fuels. In fact, the first diesel engine model (1890s) ran on alternative fuels (peanut oil). Therefore, in this review, a technical discussion on how well the existing ICEs are compatible with these alternative and clean burning fuels, specifically biodiesel, hydrogen and methanol fuels, is provided based on the significant fuel oil properties, combustion performance and emission characteristics. Based on these discussions, comprehensive conclusions are drawn using three compatibility categories: high, moderate, and conditional.