Optimizing Fenestration Strategies for Residential Energy Reduction: A Comparative Study of Five Climatic Zones

Abstract

Abstract. This study investigates the impact of window design parameters—specifically window-to-wall ratio (WWR), orientation, and glazing performance—on the annual energy consumption of residential buildings across five climatic regions, focusing on Saudi Arabia’s hot-arid environment. A parametric analysis was conducted using COMFEN 5.0.33 simulation software to evaluate cooling and lighting energy demands under varying WWR configurations (25%, 50%, and 75%) and four cardinal orientations. Results indicate that increasing the WWR to 75% in Riyadh led to a 42% rise in annual energy use, predominantly due to increased cooling loads. Tehran showed dual seasonal sensitivity, while tropical locations such as Singapore exhibited consistently high cooling demand across all orientations. The findings emphasize the need for region-specific, performance-based window design strategies to optimize thermal performance and visual comfort. This research supports energy efficiency targets outlined in Saudi Vision 2030 and highlights simulation as a critical tool for sustainable housing design in climate-sensitive regions.