Aug 2026· Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences· 0 citations· 22 references
TL;DR
Patients with a thin gingival biotype have increased risk of periodontal recession and reduction of gingival thickness while retraction of anterior teeth, and Orthodontic treatments should consider appropriate measures to retract teeth keeping the biotype of gingiva in mind to preserve gingival health.
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of sequential retraction of maxillary incisors on the gingival biotypes
Methodology: This cross-sectional was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics at Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi. Duration of study was one year from June 2023 to July 2024. A total of 50 patients aged 18-30 years, diagnosed with Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion and ANB > 4°, were included. Participants were categorized into two groups, thin (n=35) and thick (n=15) gingival biotypes. Gingival parameters were assessed before and after maxillary incisor retraction using a World Health Organization (WHO) probe also known as the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) probe. Quantitative data, the gingival height, probing depth, and gingival width, were assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS with level of significance set at p ≤ 0.05.
Results: Average age of patients was 24.5 years, comprising 40% males and 60% females. Among them, 70% had a thin gingival biotype, and 30% had a thick biotype. Thin biotype patients had lower mean gingival thickness (0.88 mm) and width (3.2 mm) than thick biotype patients (1.25 mm and 3.5 mm, respectively). Probing depth and gingival recession were slightly higher in thin biotypes. THIn the thin biotype group, gingival thickness decreased by 0.06 mm, probing depth increased by 0.2 mm, gingival width reduced by 0.2 mm, and gingival recession rose by 0.2 mm. For the thick biotype, changes were less pronounced, with a decrease in gingival thickness by 0.03 mm, a slight increase in probing depth by 0.1 mm, a reduction in gingival width by 0.1 mm, and an increase in gingival recession by 0.1 mm. After sequential retraction of maxillary teeth patients with a thin biotype showed significant reductions in gingival thickness (p=0.03) and width (p=0.02) with an increase in probing depth (p=0.04) and gingival recession (p=0.01). In contrast, the thick biotype group demonstrated minimal and statistically insignificant changes in these parameters (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: Patients with a thin biotype have increased risk of periodontal recession and reduction of gingival thickness while retraction of anterior teeth. Orthodontic treatments should consider appropriate measures to retract teeth keeping the biotype of gingiva in mind to preserve gingival health.
Objective: To determine the prevalence and extcnt of tooth wear in canine guided and group function occlusion.
Methodology: This Cross sectional study was performed at the Department of Prosthodontic, Rehman College of Dentistry, Peshawar involving 383 patients aged 18 to 30 years visiting the OPD for restorative treatment. The occlusal scheme for each patient was determined, canine guidance was defined by disocclusion of posterior teeth on the working side, while group function involved multiple simultaneous contacts. Tooth wear was assessed using the Bardsley classification system in the occlusion groups. Data were analysed with SPSS 24.
Results: Mean age of the cohort was 23.86 ± 3.74 years, with 210 (54.8%) male and 173 (45.2%) female patients. Canine guided occlusion was observed in 237 participants (61.9%), group function occlusion in 146 (38.1%) patients. Severe tooth wear (Grade 2) was significantly more common in the group function group (28, 19.2%) than in the canine guidance group (18, 7.6%) (P = 0.001).
Conclusion: Prevalence and severity of tooth wear was significantly higher in the group function occlusion compared to canine guided occlusion.
Mohid Hayat Awan· Journal of Rehman College of...· 0 citations
BACKGROUND
Gingival displacement is essential during impression making for fixed restorations, as it allows the impression material to flow into the gingival sulcus and accurately record the finish line. This study compared the effectiveness of knitted gingival retraction cord (# 00) and 25% aluminum chloride gel in terms of horizontal gingival displacement, placement time, and bleeding control.
METHODS
This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Department of Prosthodontics, Dow International Dental College, Karachi. Sixty-six patients requiring full-coverage fixed restoration with equigingival margins were enrolled through consecutive sampling and randomly assigned into two equal groups (n = 33). The study was conducted in accordance with the CONSORT guidelines. Group A received gingival displacement using a knitted retraction cord, whereas Group B received 25% aluminum chloride gel. Horizontal gingival displacement was measured on pre- and post-displacement casts using stereomicroscopy. Placement time was recorded in minutes, and bleeding control was assessed clinically. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Independent-samples t-test and chi-square test were applied, with p ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
The mean horizontal gingival displacement was significantly greater with retraction cord (266.74 ± 32.94 μm) than aluminum chloride gel (180.20 ± 27.64 μm) (p < 0.001). The placement time was significantly shorter for aluminum chloride gel (3.23 ± 0.13 min) than for retraction cord (5.30 ± 0.12 min). Bleeding control was also significantly better in the aluminum chloride gel group than in the retraction cord group (87.9% vs. 66.7%, p = 0.040).
CONCLUSION
25% aluminum chloride gel provided superior bleeding control and required less placement time, whereas retraction cord produced greater horizontal gingival displacement. Therefore, the choice of gingival displacement system should be guided by the clinical requirements of the procedure.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
NCT07255976, Initial Release 11/19/2025, Last Release 11/27/2025.
Armeen Fakhur, B. Kumar, J. Ali et al.· BMC Oral Health· 0 citations
Objective: Considering the growing clinical importance of molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH), this study aimed to determine its prevalence, distribution, and severity in children aged 8–12 years in Gaziantep, Türkiye.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1,067 children aged 8–12 years who presented to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Gaziantep University in 2026. MIH was diagnosed and classified according to the European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry criteria. Clinical examinations were performed by two calibrated examiners. Demographic characteristics, lesion severity, tooth type, and arch distribution were recorded. Associations were analyzed using chi-square tests, and correlations were evaluated using Spearman’s rank correlation test (p < 0.05).
Results: The prevalence of MIH was 27.6% (n = 295). No significant differences were observed by gender or age. Of 1,906 MIH-affected teeth, 60.0% were first permanent molars and 40.0% were incisors. Severe lesions were more frequent in molars (54.2%), whereas incisors were predominantly mild (87.3%) (p < 0.001). The lower-left first permanent molar was the most frequently affected tooth, and maxillary central incisors showed a clear predominance. A weak but significant correlation was found between the number of affected molars and incisors (rs = 0.127, p = 0.029). Incisor involvement increased significantly with increasing molar severity (p = 0.005), and a moderate positive correlation was observed between molar and incisor severity scores (rs=0.338, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: MIH appears to be a common and clinically relevant condition in this population. The predominance of severe lesions in molars and their association with incisor involvement highlight the need for early detection and targeted preventive strategies in pediatric dental practice.
Zübeyde Uçar Gündoğar, Derya Sarıoğlu, Zehra Güner· European Journal of Therapeu...· 0 citations
Gingival recession is a common dental problem with signs and symptoms of dentine hypersensitivity, root caries, and poor esthetics. Occlusal forces beyond the normal adaptive capacity of the periodontium can seriously affect the health of gingival tissues. Objectives: To determine the association between gingival recession and signs of trauma from occlusion such as dental fremitus, tooth migration, and tooth wear among the patients reported to the Department of Prosthodontics, LMDC, Lahore. Methods: A total of 150 patients of both genders, aged 30-70 years, were recruited. A single trained prosthodontist carried out the periodontal examination of the buccal anterior teeth. Patients were seated in the dental chair a thorough clinical examination was performed using a dental exam set to check the signs and symptoms of occlusal trauma and gingival recession. The following parameters were assessed: 1. plaque index, 2. supra/subgingival calculus/ 3. gingival recession, 4. Tooth wear facets; 5. fremitus. 6. Tooth migration. Results: Severe gingivitis was found in 32.0% of patients, and calculus was present in 58.7% of patients. 14.0% of patients had poor oral hygiene status. 51.3% of patients were found with gingival recession. Dental fremitus was present in 56.7% of patients; wear facets were present in 42.7% of patients; whereas tooth migration was found in 48.0% of patients. Conclusions: It was concluded that trauma from occlusion may be a significant risk factor for gingival recession. Patients with signs of trauma from occlusion should be monitored for gingival recession.
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate gingival margin modifications during and after orthodontic treatment with Clear Aligners in paediatric patients. Secondary objectives included assessing the relationship between gingival changes and different types of tooth movement and evaluating the stability of these changes after treatment completion. Methods: A total of 50 patients (26 f, 24 m, mean age: 7.6 ± 1.1 years) in mixed dentition were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were good general health, plaque and gingival indices below 20%, good compliance with aligners, and no prior orthodontic treatment. Patients with periodontal issues, medications influencing gingival response, or with poor expected compliance were excluded. Patients were treated using Clear Aligners and attachments to facilitate specific tooth movements (expansion, intrusion, and rotational corrections). Measurements were performed at four time points: before treatment (T0), after 6 months (T1), at the end of treatment (T2), and 12 months post-treatment (T3). At each time point, intraoral scans, clinical photographs, and periodontal measurements were recorded. Results: A statistically significant increase in gingival margin height was observed from baseline to T1 (+0.29 mm), T2 (+0.44 mm), and T3 (+0.39 mm). Mean Changes between T0 and T3 were +0.39 ± 0.22 (p ≤ 0.001). A total of 60% of patients demonstrated a coronal migration of the gingival margin. Gingival Index showed a non-significant increase at T1, followed by normalization at T2 (p = 0.481) and T3 (p = 0.637). Plaque Index (PI) remained stable throughout the observation period. Expansion was associated with the greatest gingival change (+0.52 mm), followed by intrusion (+0.45 mm). Conclusions: Clear aligner treatment in mixed dentition appears to produce favourable and stable gingival margin modifications, with minimal adverse periodontal effects when properly monitored.
Marco Clementini, C. Pavoni, F. Gazzani et al.· Applied Sciences· 0 citations
Background To evaluate the influence of gingival thickness on soft tissue changes after immediate implant placement and provisionalization (IIPP). Methods Twenty-two patients requiring IIPP were categorized into two groups based on the visibility of a periodontal probe in the sulcus: thin phenotype and thick phenotype. Gingival thickness was measured preoperatively, while midfacial recession, papilla recession, and horizontal contour collapse were evaluated at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Comparative analyses of soft tissue alterations between the groups were conducted, alongside an examination of the correlation between gingival thickness and soft tissue changes. Results A total of twenty-two patients, encompassing 30 sites, completed the 6-month follow-up period. At 6 months, the thin phenotype group exhibited a midfacial recession of 0.73 ± 0.69 mm, compared to 0.89 ± 0.52 mm in the thick phenotype group. No statistically significant differences in soft tissue alterations were observed between the groups, and no statistically significant association correlation was identified between gingival thickness and soft tissue changes. Conclusion Within the constraints of this study, no statistically significant differences in soft tissue alterations were observed between different gingival phenotype groups at 6 months following IIPP. Since the study was powered to detect a clinically relevant difference of 1 mm, it lacked the sensitivity to definitively confirm or rule out the more subtle difference observed.
Maoxia Wang, Anchun Mo, Yan Wu· Frontiers in Medicine· 0 citations
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