Material Flow-Based Assessment of Hybrid Waste-to-Energy and Solar Photovoltaic Systems for Supporting Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Bali, Indonesia

Abstract

Rapid tourism development and urban growth in Bali have increased municipal solid waste (MSW) generation while simultaneously raising the demand for sustainable energy infrastructure. Although waste-to-energy (WtE) and solar photovoltaic (PV) technologieshave been widely studied, integrated assessments linking waste management, renewable energy generation, and electric vehicle charging infrastructure in tourism-intensive regions remain limited. This study evaluates the potential of a hybrid WtE–PV system tosupport Stasiun Pengisian Kendaraan Listrik Umum (SPKLU) at the Mengwi Type-A Terminal, Bali, using municipal waste supplied from Tempat Pengolahan Sampah Terpadu (TPST) Mengwitani. A material flow analysis (MFA) approach was employed to quantifywaste availability and energy recovery potential. Electricity generation from waste incineration and solar PV systems was estimated using energy conversion models, while environmental performance was evaluated through landfill diversion and greenhouse gas(GHG) emission reduction indicators. The results show that TPST Mengwitani processes approximately 56.6 tons of MSW per day, with 72% of the waste stream suitable for thermal conversion. The WtE system can utilize 40.75 tons day⁻¹ of combustible waste andgenerate approximately 15.4 MWh day⁻¹ of electricity. An 800 m² PV installation contributes an additional 0.77 MWh day⁻¹, resulting in a total renewable electricity potential of 16.2 MWh day⁻¹. The hybrid system also reduces landfill dependency and contributes to GHG emission mitigation. This study demonstrates that integrating WtE and PV systems can support low-carbon transportation infrastructure while promoting resource recovery and circular urban energy management in tourism-oriented regions.