Jul 2026· The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences· Vol XLIX-B2-2026, pp. 849-858· 0 citations· 3 references
Abstract
Abstract. Historic gardens represent living heritage systems in which spatial configuration evolves through the interaction among vegetation dynamics, environmental conditions, and ongoing management. However, current 3D documentation approaches often treat these landscapes as static entities, limiting their ability to capture and interpret temporal transformations. This study proposes a multi-sensor, multi-temporal approach for the systematic documentation and monitoring of historic gardens, integrating UAV photogrammetry and mobile laser scanning (MLS) to enhance spatial completeness and analytical reliability.Two survey campaigns conducted at Villa Burba (Italy) in 2023 and 2025 produced multi-temporal datasets acquired under different environmental conditions. Following multi-sensor integration and temporal harmonisation, point cloud comparison was performed using the Cloud-to-cloud (C2C) distances and Multiscale Model-to-Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2) methods to quantify spatial differences. The results demonstrate centimetre-level geometric consistency and improved ground coverage by integrating UAV and MLS data, ensuring reliable comparability between epochs. Based on this, spatial changes were identified, including variations in vegetation structure, tree-removal events, terrain modifications, and changes to the internal watercourse. These findings were validated against botanical surveys and maintenance records, confirming their consistency with documented management activities and environmental conditions. To support interpretation and accessibility, the multi-temporal datasets were further deployed in GIS and on the Cesium platform using 3D Tiles, enabling interactive exploration and long-term data use. This proposed approach demonstrates how integrating photogrammetry with complementary surveying techniques can support multi-temporal analysis, contributing to more informed monitoring and interpretation of historic gardens as evolving landscapes.
High-resolution spatial data is crucial for riverine modeling and flood mitigation. Traditional data often lacks necessary resolution or flexibility, making Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) a transformative solution for generating precise Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). This systematic review analyzes 65 peer-reviewed studies published between 2014 and 2025. Following PRISMA guidelines, studies were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria focusing on riverine hydraulic applications to evaluate data acquisition methods, spatial accuracy, and operational challenges. The synthesis reveals a standard workflow using multirotor platforms, Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, and Ground Control Points (GCPs) to feed hydrodynamic models like HEC-RAS. While the literature consistently reports centimeter-level vertical accuracy—ideal for mapping flood inundation—critical challenges persist regarding the optical penetration of dense vegetation and submerged bathymetry. Ultimately, while UAV photogrammetry is a robust spatial analysis tool, advancing high-fidelity riverine analytics requires hybrid approaches integrating technologies like UAV-borne LiDAR and sonar. Creating these seamless topobathymetric models is essential for improving reliable flood risk management and informing effective environmental policy.
Nabil Muhamad, Yassir Arafat, A. Yunar· Journal of Geospatial Scienc...· 1 citation
The 3D geometric documentation of cultural heritage monuments requires spatial datasets that are accurate, complete and suitable for conservation, monitoring, visualization and heritage management. However, complex geometries, occlusions, limited accessibility, vegetation and other field-acquisition constraints often prevent a single surveying technique from providing a complete and metrically reliable representation. In this context, photogrammetry and simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM)-based mapping provide complementary capabilities, with each method offering advantages and limitations regarding metric accuracy, spatial coverage, detail representation, acquisition flexibility and operational efficiency. This work develops, applies and evaluates a reproducible end-to-end workflow for the metric 3D documentation of complex cultural heritage monuments through multi-sensor integration. The proposed approach combines the metric robustness and visual richness of photogrammetric reconstruction with the rapid acquisition and spatial coverage enabled by SLAM-based mapping, while producing reusable datasets for conservation planning, comparative studies, education and broader heritage applications. The workflow integrates unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and close-range photogrammetry, SLAM-based mapping and geodetic control within a common reference system and is demonstrated through the documentation of a historic monastery. Both datasets showed centimetre-level agreement with geodetic observations, while photogrammetry yielded fuller exterior coverage and higher-quality texture, and SLAM enabled rapid interior coverage. The CH-PhotoSLAM3D dataset is released to support reproducibility and further research.
Unknown authors· ISPRS International Journal...· 0 citations
An integrated and open digital workflow for the survey, management, and reuse of complex architectural heritage, using Villa Aldrovandi-Mazzacorati as a case study is presented, offering a scalable and transferable framework for future 3D heritage initiatives across architectural and territorial contexts.
Marco Medici, Andrea Sterpin, Stefano Settimo et al.· Journal on Computing and Cul...· 0 citations
Abstract. The 3D documentation of complex scenes—characterized by restricted spaces, irregular geometries, and poor lighting—remains a significant challenge in cultural heritage. This study proposes a rapid data acquisition methodology based on the multi-sensor fusion of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Spherical Photogrammetry (SP). The approach was validated in two distinct complex environments: an ancient Egyptian rock-cut tomb (QH36, Aswan, Egypt) and a natural Iberian sanctuary cave (Cueva de la Lobera, Jaén, Spain). The methodology uses TLS to establish a high-precision geometric backbone, achieving registration errors below 0.5 cm. By extracting Ground Control Points (GCPs) directly from the TLS point cloud, the reliance on traditional total station surveying was significantly reduced, enhancing fieldwork efficiency. SP was implemented to obtain realistic textures and to support geometry by using a 360-degree multi-camera with integrated LED lighting, providing full spherical coverage and high-resolution textures. Results indicate that SP is at least six times faster than conventional photogrammetry. Furthermore, the use of TLS-derived meshes enabled advanced digital masking to remove non-interest objects (e.g., archaeological equipment) from the final models. While conventional photogrammetry remains the benchmark for fine architectural details, this research demonstrates that the TLS-SP fusion is the most viable solution for the rapid, high-accuracy documentation of constrained heritage sites. This hybrid workflow ensures geometric integrity while drastically reducing acquisition times, providing a robust framework for future archaeological and conservation projects.
A. Mozas-Calvache, José Luis Pérez-García, J. M. Gómez-López et al.· The International Archives o...· 0 citations
This study presents a UAV photogrammetry and GIS-based workflow for generating high-accuracy three-dimensional cadastral models in urban environments. The proposed framework integrates RTK-enabled UAV image acquisition, ground control point (GCP) surveying, photogrammetric reconstruction, GIS-based spatial data management, and accuracy assessment within a unified workflow. A total of 454 aerial images were acquired and processed to generate a dense point cloud, digital surface model, orthomosaic, and textured 3D urban model. Positional accuracy was evaluated using 15 independently surveyed RTK GNSS checkpoints distributed throughout the study area. The results demonstrated a relative accuracy of 1.7 cm and an absolute positional accuracy of 2.47 cm based on independent checkpoint validation, confirming the suitability of the proposed workflow for large-scale cadastral mapping applications. The generated 3D cadastral model enabled accurate extraction and visualization of parcel boundaries, building footprints, and urban spatial features. The findings indicate that UAV photogrammetry combined with GIS provides a cost-effective and reliable approach for developing high-precision three-dimensional cadastral datasets that support modern land administration, urban planning, and digital city management.
Salar Mirzapour, Z. Azizi, H. Zavar et al.· Scientific Reports· 0 citations
Climate-related and environmental hazards affect cultural heritage sites in markedly different inland, coastal, lacustrine and underwater settings, creating documentation requirements that cannot be addressed by a single sensing approach. This study presents the multi-sensor geometric documentation of eight cultural heritage sites. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry was applied to six inland and coastal sites, while underwater photogrammetry, unmanned surface vehicles (USVs), acoustic sounding and a prototype green-wavelength flash LiDAR were used at three shallow-water sites. The campaigns produced orthomosaics, elevation models, dense point clouds, textured meshes, bathymetric maps and underwater LiDAR point clouds at scales appropriate to the conservation problem of each site. The resulting products document exposed architectural remains, excavation areas, cliffs and unstable slopes, lake-margin changes, submerged masonry, wooden structures and lakebed morphology. Their main contribution is the establishment of spatially explicit, site-specific baselines that provide measurable geometric and visual evidence for condition assessment, future repeat-survey comparisons and the spatial integration of environmental, archaeological and conservation information. The study demonstrates the operational and information complementarity of optical, acoustic and active ranging approaches, which address different documentation scales, environmental constraints and heritage targets, and provide distinct spatial evidence that can serve as potential inputs to subsequent digital twin and decision support applications.
S. Verykokou, C. Ioannidis, C. Potsiou et al.· Italian National Conference...· 0 citations
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