Aug 2026· Vehicles· Vol 8, pp. 197· 0 citations· 36 references
TL;DR
The three workflows provided complementary geometric and visual information for crash-damaged vehicle documentation, although model fusion and accident-reconstruction parameters were not evaluated in this study.
Abstract
The three-dimensional documentation of crash-damaged vehicles can support the visual and geometric recording of deformation, but it is unclear how complete mobile reconstruction workflows compare when applied to the same vehicles. This study compared three workflows using a single consumer device, an Apple iPhone 16 Pro Max: reconstruction from photographs, reconstruction from extracted video frames, and direct mobile light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanning. Three damaged vehicles were documented: a Volkswagen Passat B6 Variant, a Toyota Auris, and a Toyota Yaris. RealityScan was used for reconstruction from photographs and video frames, and Polycam was used for the LiDAR scans. In CloudCompare, all models were cleaned, scaled using the known wheelbase, registered to the LiDAR reference by the Iterative Closest Point algorithm, and compared using cloud-to-mesh distances, with the principal quantitative statistics based on absolute point-to-surface distance magnitudes. Because the mobile LiDAR model served as an internal reference rather than as an independent metrological ground truth, the reported values describe residual post-registration point-to-surface deviations and not absolute geometric accuracy. The principal surface evaluation used exactly 100,000 surface-sampled points per evaluated direction and bidirectional cloud-to-mesh calculations. The standardised results did not show a uniform ordering between reconstruction from photographs and reconstruction from video frames. In the reconstruction-to-LiDAR direction, median absolute distances ranged from 0.03082 to 0.03677 m for the Passat, from 0.02900 to 0.03413 m for the Auris, and from 0.05953 to 0.06168 m for the Yaris. Lower reverse-direction median values and the broader upper-tail distributions observed for the Yaris demonstrated the directional character of the surface comparison. The Yaris showed larger, long-tailed deviations concentrated mainly in the rear and left-lateral damaged regions. However, because each damage configuration was represented by only one vehicle, the observed differences cannot be attributed to damage type alone. The three workflows provided complementary geometric and visual information for crash-damaged vehicle documentation, although model fusion and accident-reconstruction parameters were not evaluated in this study. Because only one acquisition was performed for each vehicle–workflow combination, the findings should be interpreted as an exploratory comparison rather than as an assessment of repeatability, operator variability, or measurement uncertainty.
The accelerated development of digital technologies, particularly 3D scanning techniques combined with reverse engineering procedures, has enabled efficient digital reconstruction of mechanical components in situations where original technical documentation is unavailable or the component has been damaged during service life. This study presents an algorithm-based model developed for the reconstruction of a symmetrical rotational mechanical component using optical 3D scanning and advanced point cloud processing in Geomagic Design X software. The proposed model addresses three characteristic preservation states of the component: a partially damaged part with locally cracked geometry, a completely damaged part with missing geometric segments, and an undamaged reference part. The reconstruction workflow is based on the definition of reference regions, symmetry axis identification, and sectional plane extraction, enabling reliable geometric reconstruction even under conditions of incomplete scanned data. Reconstruction accuracy was evaluated by comparing the generated CAD models with corresponding reference point clouds using deviation color maps and cross-sectional visual analysis. The obtained results indicate that the dominant surface deviations between reconstructed CAD models and scanned data remained within a narrow tolerance range of approximately ±0.1 mm, while statistical deviation analysis confirmed the stability and repeatability of the proposed reconstruction approach. The findings confirm that the developed model represents an efficient, stable, and repeatable method for digital reconstruction of rotational mechanical components with varying degrees of damage
Gordana Jović, Petar Đekić, B. Milutinović et al.· Journal of Applied Engineeri...· 0 citations
Abstract. While three-dimensional (3D) point clouds are widely used in civil engineering, mainstream LiDAR systems such as Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) are physically constrained to laboratory environments. Since their laser spot size typically exceeds the width of microcracks, the beam physically bridges over voids, rendering TLS unsuitable for fine-scale defect analysis. Alternatively, close-range photogrammetry utilising Structure-from-Motion (SfM) and Multi-View Stereo (MVS) algorithms offers a solution for testing highly tortuous materials, and its utility at fine-scale remains underexplored. This study adapts photogrammetric workflows specifically for rubberised concrete (RuC), a sustainable composite exhibiting high ductility and complex fracture morphologies. High-resolution image sets were captured using a Canon DSLR and an iPhone 16 to generate dense 3D models. Comparisons revealed that the DSLR-based reconstruction achieved sub-millimetre resolution, demonstrating superior performance for fine-scale surface monitoring. An RGB-guided crack extraction method was developed to enhance the identification of surface defects and isolate potential crack areas from the background. The extracted crack regions were visually distinguishable and provided a well-structured geometrical representation of defect morphology. Furthermore, a Pre and Post-Test deformation analysis was conducted to quantify surface displacement across testing stages. The results confirm that this close-range photogrammetry workflow is a flexible, high-resolution alternative to LiDAR for surface inspection and deformation monitoring of specimens in laboratory settings. Ultimately, this approach establishes a robust geometric baseline for future automated 3D feature characterisation and material performance evaluation.
Jiacheng Liu, M. Alnahhal, A. Hajimohammadi et al.· The International Archives o...· 1 citation
Abstract. Mobile mapping systems usually include cameras designed for 360° imaging and laser scanning point cloud coloring. However, the multi-camera systems are rarely optimized for producing photogrammetric image-based point clouds in road environments. In this study, we built a mobile 5-camera system and assessed its performance in determining the 3D geometry of road surfaces. The evaluation was carried out in two parts: First, we examined how driving speed ranging from 3 to 20 km/h affect the quality of the point cloud produced by the mobile multi-camera system. We compared this data to reference measurements of road surface samples obtained using a laboratory-grade structured-light scanner. Second, we compared the point cloud produced by the mobile multicamera system to that generated by a terrestrial laser scanner from a 10-meter single lane road section. In the case of the driving speed tests, the point cloud comparisons resulted an average 3D distance from 0.09 mm to 0.31 mm, and a standard deviation from 0.29 mm to 0.50 mm. On the road section, the average 3D distance between the points clouds was 0.97 mm, with a standard deviation of 0.59 mm. These results demonstrate the capability of the mobile multi-camera system in 3D reconstruction of road surfaces and encourage further research into the feasibility of multi-camera system configurations for studying road surface quality parameters and identifying the dimensions of road damages.
M. Vaaja, M. Sarlin, Eino Waldén et al.· The International Archives o...· 0 citations
Abstract. Three-dimensional (3D) modeling for the documentation, preservation, and management of cultural heritage is indispensable. To achieve this goal, a low-cost unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) combined with the Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetric technique was utilized to build a 3D model and conduct surface crack measurements of cultural monuments. The results showed that, under simple conditions, non-specialists can easily generate accurate 3D models from UAV-acquired imagery. In this study, the statistical errors of checkpoints between 3D reconstruction and field measurements, expressed as total RMSE, ranged from 0.103 m to 0.848 m. However, the mean absolute errors of surface crack measurements between tape-based methods and 3D reconstruction ranged from 0.002 m to 0.099 m. Furthermore, UAV-SfM was applied to measure surface crack lengths on an inaccessible cultural monument. The findings demonstrated that employing the UAV-SfM photogrammetric technique for 3D reconstruction of cultural monuments is both feasible and reliable.
Wei-Che Huang, Wen-Cheng Liu, Yi-Shan Luo et al.· The International Archives o...· 0 citations
A digital exterior-modeling method based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) oblique photogrammetry and point cloud processing is proposed. The difficulty encountered by conventional surveying methods in comprehensively acquiring spatial information from elevated and occluded areas of historic buildings is addressed by this method. The Jiuyun Fangding monument was selected as the study object. Images were acquired using a multi-altitude, multi-angle, layered circumferential flight strategy. A three-dimensional (3D) model was then reconstructed through feature matching, camera-pose estimation, multi-view stereo matching, point cloud registration, and texture mapping. Four representative dimensions were selected, and the measurements obtained from the reconstructed model were compared with field measurements. The results indicated that: (1) the absolute errors of the four dimensions ranged from 0.006 to 0.039 m, with the maximum spacing between the load-bearing columns exhibiting the largest absolute error of 0.039 m; (2) the relative errors ranged from 0.63% to 1.81%, with the width of the load-bearing column exhibiting the largest relative error of 1.81%; and (3) the reconstructed model provided a relatively complete representation of the overall architectural form and the principal structural components. The proposed method can therefore provide technical support for the digital documentation, 3D visualization, and dimensional verification of historic buildings.
Yuecheng Yin· Advances in Engineering Inno...· 0 citations
The results demonstrate the potential of hybrid AI and geometric approaches to improve the efficiency, repeatability, and reliability of Scan-to-BIM processes for historical masonry bridge heritage and show that the geometric quality of the HBIM model depends primarily on the density, spatial distribution and completeness of the structural points, rather than on their total number.
V. Alfio, Massimiliano Pepe, Donato Palumbo et al.· Applied Sciences· 0 citations
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