Jul 2026· Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking· 0 citations
TL;DR
A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted V2X communication framework enhanced with virtual beamforming, designed to maximize secrecy rate while simultaneously improving energy efficiency is introduced.
Abstract
The transformation to the sixth-generation (6G) vehicular-to-everything (V2X) networks requires the energy-conscious, ultra-reliable, and low-latency mechanisms of ensuring secure communication. Due to the inherent broadcast nature of vehicular channels, these systems remain vulnerable to passive eavesdropping and secrecy loss. This paper introduces a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted V2X communication framework enhanced with virtual beamforming, designed to maximize secrecy rate while simultaneously improving energy efficiency. We derive closed-form expressions for secrecy outage probability (SOP) and outage probability (OP) under generalized gamma and Nakagami-
m
fading conditions and further analyze secrecy rate performance under vehicular mobility. Extensive MATLAB-based simulations validate the analytical derivations and demonstrate that the proposed RIS-assisted scheme significantly improves secrecy performance compared with conventional architectures. Results highlight the robustness of the framework across multiple mobility patterns and fading scenarios, confirming its potential as a practical building block for secure 6G-V2X systems.
Due to growing system complexity and the vulnerability of wireless transmissions to information leakage, maintaining secure and private communication in sixth-generation (6G) networks continues to be a significant problem. By enabling wireless power transfer to distant Internet of Things (IoT) devices while retaining low latency and high spectral efficiency, power beacons (PBs) have been acknowledged as an efficient way to increase energy efficiency simultaneously. However, non-ideal components like amplifiers, oscillators, and mixers unavoidably create hardware impairments (HIs), which can deteriorate security and dependability in practical deployments. To overcome these challenges, this work proposes a novel framework that integrates active reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (ARIS) into a secure downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system. The base station (BS) is powered by an energy-harvesting device with PB assistance. In contrast to previous research, the approach specifically takes into account the influence of HIs. To assess system performance, closed-form formulae for effective secrecy throughput (EST), intercept probability (IP), and outage probability (OP) are generated. The conclusion is supported by simulation results, which demonstrate that a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) decreases OP while raising IP. Moreover, the proposed ARIS-NOMA scheme outperforms conventional ARIS-orthogonal multiple access (OMA) approaches, providing valuable insights for secure wireless system design.
Quy-Anh Bui, Minh-Sang van Nguyen, P. Tin et al.· Scientific Reports· 0 citations
This paper proposes a secure and robust transceiver beamforming scheme to enhance the performance of device-to-device (D2D)-aided full-duplex integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) networks under imperfect channel state information (CSI). A joint optimization framework is developed to simultaneously optimize transceiver beamforming at the ISAC base station (BS) and transmit beamforming at D2D transmitters, with the aim of maximizing the worst-case sensing signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) while guaranteeing secure communication and quality-of-service (QoS) for cellular users (CUs) and D2D pairs. To address the intractable issue of the formulated joint optimization problem, we propose a robust transformation method based on the generalized S-lemma to convert CSI uncertainty constraints into tractable linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), enabling efficient handling of bounded channel errors. Subsequently, we propose an alternating optimization (AO) algorithm integrated with a double-checking strategy via semidefinite relaxation (SDR), where inner-layer feasibility verification and outer-layer rank-one validation ensure solution feasibility, and a rank penalty term accelerates convergence. Numerical results show that, compared to state-of-the-art schemes, the proposed scheme achieves significant performance improvements. These results confirm the robustness of the proposed method against complex interference and active eavesdropping threats, and highlight its superiority in balancing sensing-communication trade-offs for D2D-aided ISAC networks.
Tao Jiang, Ming Jin, Qinghua Guo et al.· IEEE Transactions on Wireles...· 0 citations
Simulation results reveal that the two conflicting performance metrics of secrecy rate and total power consumption are balanced in multi‐IRS‐assisted secure communication, and highlight the superiority of the proposed method over existing benchmark schemes.
Jiaxin Li, Jianping Wang, Lei Wang et al.· Concurrency and Computation· 0 citations
Motivated by the increasing security requirements of next-generation satellite-terrestrial communication systems and the emergence of Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architectures, this paper presents a secrecy analysis of a novel reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted mixed free-space optical (FSO) and radio frequency (RF) satellite downlink transmission system within an O-RAN-enabled non-terrestrial network (NTN) framework. The inherent broadcast nature of RF transmissions presents significant eavesdropping risks, which serves as the primary impetus for this study. We analyze the combined effects of imperfect channel state information (CSI) and random link blockage within such integrated networks. The impact of discrete phase shift constraints at the RIS is also investigated. Closed-form expressions are derived for three key performance metrics: connection outage probability (COP), secrecy outage probability (SOP), and the probability of positive secrecy capacity (PPSC). Through high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) asymptotic analysis, corresponding asymptotic expressions are obtained, and all analytical results are validated via extensive Monte Carlo simulations. Our findings demonstrate that: (i) Link blockage probability and channel estimation accuracy jointly govern the secrecy performance floor. (ii) Increasing the number of RIS elements enhances physical-layer security by driving both the COP and SOP toward their theoretical lower bounds. (iii) Improving channel estimation accuracy diminishes the eavesdropper’s channel advantage and improves the overall system security. These results offer valuable insights for designing secure mixed FSO/RF satellite-terrestrial systems within O-RAN-enabled NTN architectures that effectively balance connectivity and confidentiality.
Yuhang Li, Xi-Fan Chen, Jiale Shi et al.· Entropy· 0 citations
This paper investigates vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) networks under ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) constraints in the presence of a vehicular eavesdropper (VE). To address the lack of instantaneous eavesdropper channel state information (CSI) in high-mobility scenarios, a vehicular jammer (VJ) is employed to perform radar-based sensing and extended Kalman filter (EKF)-based tracking of the VE’s kinematic state. The estimated state information and its posterior uncertainty are shared with the legitimate transmitter and are used to construct uncertainty-aware spatial covariance matrices for the VE-related channels. Based on these covariance matrices, the VJ transmits artificial noise (AN) in the null space of the legitimate receiver, thereby degrading the VE’s reception while avoiding interference to the intended link. In this context, a finite-blocklength (FBL) secrecy-rate framework is developed together with a two-time-scale optimization strategy, where the sensing resources are optimized at the slot level to enhance EKF tracking accuracy, while the transmit covariance and AN covariance matrices are optimized at the frame level to maximize the average FBL secrecy rate. The resulting non-convex problem is handled through semidefinite relaxation (SDR), alternating optimization (AO), and successive convex approximation (SCA). Simulation results show that the proposed framework improves secrecy robustness against mobility and sensing-induced spatial uncertainty.
E. T. Michailidis, Theodoros A. Tsiftsis, N. Miridakis· Italian National Conference...· 0 citations
Aerial reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (ARISs), which integrate uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) with RISs, have become a potential paradigm for secure wireless transmission. However, a single ARIS suffers from the inherent multiplicative fading effect and limited spatial beamforming flexibility, thereby significantly reducing its effectiveness in secure communications. In order to address these challenges, this paper introduces a novel cooperative ARISs-assisted secure and green communication architecture, where an aerial active RIS and an aerial active simultaneously transmitting and reflecting RIS (STAR-RIS) are jointly deployed to enable signal amplification and 360-degree full-space coverage. In particular, the cooperative gain achieved through the secondary reflection link between the two ARISs further improves communication security. Furthermore, the sum secrecy rate (SR) maximization problem is presented to jointly optimize the hovering locations of the two ARISs, the ARIS reflection coefficients, as well as the transmit beamforming at the base station for multiple eavesdroppers, while accounting for the onboard power constraints of the ARISs. To solve this highly coupled nonconvex problem, an alternating optimization (AO) algorithm is devised by integrating successive convex approximation (SCA), penalty-based semidefinite relaxation (PSDR), and Bayesian optimization (BO) techniques. Extensive simulations show that the proposed framework substantially enhances the sum SR under limited power budgets compared with existing benchmark schemes.
Yihao Qi, Qichao Xu, Zhou Su et al.· IEEE Transactions on Green C...· 0 citations
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