Results show that organizing solver feedback into generation, verification, and repair roles enables more scalable and faithful annotation-free symbolic planning.
Abstract
Reliable planning requires converting natural-language instructions into executable symbolic specifications, yet large language models remain brittle without costly PDDL annotations and may exploit solver success in semantically unfaithful ways. We study how to learn faithful natural-language-to-PDDL formalization using only solver feedback, without human-written demonstrations. We propose a solvergrounded multi-role reinforcement learning framework where a single language model acts as an Actor, Judge, and Editor for generation, verification, and repair. The Actor proposes PDDL specifications, the Judge provides a solver-calibrated quality signal, and the Editor performs bounded diagnostic-conditioned refinement. On PlanBench, our method improves average success from 35.5% for LLM+P to 70.8%, achieves 66.3% faithful success, and reduces semantic drift to 6.4%. These results show that organizing solver feedback into generation, verification, and repair roles enables more scalable and faithful annotation-free symbolic planning
The results demonstrate that the synthesized skill library enables the system to transfer to novel tasks with decreasing human intervention, providing a steerable and data-efficient alternative to black-box robot learning.
Daphne Chen, A. Jain, E. Goossen et al.· arXiv.org· 0 citations
VLA-SP (Vision-Language-Action via Symbolic Planning), a two-stage Embodied Vision-Language-Action framework, enabling fully automated robotic execution from speech and vision inputs is proposed, demonstrating the strong interpretability, executability, and cross-platform applicability of the framework.
Han-Zhuo Zhang, Jiahao Xu, Yicheng Xu et al.· Tsinghua Science and Technol...· 0 citations
Bridging model-based control and learned policies in long-horizon manipulation has harbored a silent disagreement: control executes specified objectives, learning amortizes that behavior into a reactive policy, yet existing protocols discard task semantics, leaving rewards hand-crafted and behavior drifting from what control verified.We introduce Semantically UNified (SUN) Programs, typed executables where geometric and contact relations are defined once and compiled into aligned Model Predictive Control (MPC) costs, satisfaction predicates, RL rewards, transition guards, and diagnostics. Our system, Kuafu, driven by large vision language systems, automatically synthesizes SUN Programs from language and scene semantics, screens feasibility via MPC, and retains semantics while training stage-conditioned policies. Across nine tasks, Kuafu achieves 82.03% macro-success, outperforming sparse-reward (35.67%) and Stage-BC (24.75%) baselines. At 8192-way scale, it generates 10.57x the successful trajectory time per hour of human teleoperation. With 500 trajectories per task, Kuafu data trains DP3 policies to 46.0% simulation success (vs. 22.4% for alternatives) and 34.7% on physical Franka and Kinova robots. These results establish that simulation-screened task semantics can effectively amortize control into robust policies, without demonstrations or manual dense rewards, unifying symbolic planning and data-driven execution.
Wei-Qi Wang, Zhi Li, Yuliang Lei et al.· 0 citations
Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has substantially improved language-model reasoning, yet its extension to vision-language models remains constrained by the lack of training data that are simultaneously broad, exactly verifiable, and reproducible. We introduce Trace, a taxonomy-guided environment for multidomain visual reasoning. Trace factorizes task construction into a scene grammar and an executable task program, separating visual realization from answer computation. A shared semantic state determines the rendered image, prompt, typed answer, verifier state, and replayable instance trace. The resulting environment comprises 1,000 tasks over 277 scene grammars and 11 visual domains, with controlled semantic and visual variation. RLVR on 64,000 Trace instances improves the macro-average across 24 external benchmarks by 3.51 percentage points for Qwen2.5-VL-3B and 4.06 points for Qwen2.5-VL-7B, providing evidence that broad procedural training can transfer beyond the generated task distributions. Project page: https://maveryn.github.io/trace/.
Meta-Ctrl is proposed, a constrained-decoding framework that guarantees the encoded constraints while preserving the base LM's plan quality, and is demonstrated on a real tabletop robot, where every generated plan satisfies its preconditions and goals by construction.
Gwen Yidou-Weng, Edward Sun, Tianyi Ma et al.· 0 citations
This paper introduces a simple post-training recipe that turns off-the-shelf VLMs into robotic reasoners, and suggests that free-form language reasoning can function as a test-time compute mechanism for steering low-level policies.
Lehong Wu, Yuxiao Qu, Zheyuan Hu et al.· 0 citations
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