The results suggest that OntoExtend is useful as a drafting assistant for requirement-driven ontology extension in real world scenarios, while remaining sensitive to CQ specificity and modelling profile.
Abstract
Ontology extension refers to the process of enriching an existing ontology in response to emerging requirements, making it more complete. This task is a resource-intensive and error-prone process. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising performance on generating ontologies from scratch, but current approaches rarely tie ontology extension explicitly to requirements or reusable core models, and offer limited, systematic evaluation of LLM outputs. This paper introduces OntoExtend, a requirements-driven framework for ontology extension with LLMs. It uses retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) over relevant input ontologies and requirements in the form of competency questions to propose grounded extensions. We evaluate OntoExtend on 39 CQs from two use cases: a public EU-project ontology, Onto-DESIDE, and an industrial ontology from Bosch. The generated fragments show few structural issues, satisfy all functional evaluation tests, and are rated by ontology engineers as requiring minor to moderate revision before integration. These results suggest that OntoExtend is useful as a drafting assistant for requirement-driven ontology extension in real world scenarios, while remaining sensitive to CQ specificity and modelling profile.
OntoExpand is introduced, a new methodology for ontology expansion that uses SPARQL CONSTRUCT queries as an efficient alternative to conventional reasoning techniques that improves performance, reduces computational overhead, is pattern driven allowing a more granular expansion control and seamlessly integrates with SPARQL endpoints.
Vitor Lelis, N. Leite, José Carlos et al.· 0 citations
This paper conducts a systematic empirical study of several state-of-the-art LLMs under different prompting strategies, isolating the role of structural guidance and contextual information in generating valid mappings and highlighting both the potential and the limitations of LLMs in structured semantic generation tasks.
The results support the feasibility of ontology-driven generation for static-classification systems, whereas arithmetic risk computation and temporal event processing remain better suited to complementary procedural technologies.
Borivoj Bogdanović, S. Nikolić· Computers· 0 citations
Organizations increasingly define operational metrics in structured, machine-readable formats to monitor systems, processes, and compliance. These metric definitions implicitly encode domain knowledge, such as referencing concepts, properties, and relationships, that often extends what is captured in formal ontologies. Yet the connection between operational metric catalogues and ontological knowledge remains manual, ad-hoc, and labor-intensive. We present COntExt, a framework for context-aware ontology extension that takes structured metric definitions as input and suggests how referenced concepts and properties should be integrated into an existing ontology, utilizing the context of these metrics. The framework defines the extension problem as three sub-tasks: parent class prediction, relation type prediction, and data property assignment. Across four cybersecurity ontologies, we evaluate different algorithms for each task. Our results show that metric-derived context improves the suggestions over ontology-context baselines for relation type prediction and data property assignment. Our work demonstrates that operational metric catalogues are a practical and underexploited source for ontology extension. This work enables organizations to maintain their ontologies at a significantly lower cost than manual engineering.
Hussain Hussain, Stefan Schöberl, Angelika Schneider et al.· arXiv.org· 0 citations
The goal of this work is to put into context recent updates in ontology engineering and present the necessary additional information targeted to reuse by providing an updated overview and proposing a two-tier categorisation, believed to be the first review to offer such an intra-category classification.
Davide Di Pierro, L. Abrouk, A. Guyot et al.· 0 citations
OaK is presented, an ontology-as-a-kernel framework that dynamically constructs and refines task-oriented ontologies for LLM agents and shows that OaK improves standard LLM agents, strengthens evidence grounding, and boosts the reliability of multi-step reasoning.
Xiaohui Zhang, Zequn Sun, Cheng Yang et al.· 0 citations
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