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Cledon · Phase 1 — Cancer mortality by municipality in Brazil, 2020–2024: an exploratory study

Oct 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Global Cancer Incidence and Screening

Abstract

Exploratory study — not conclusions. Ecological, descriptive study that has not yet been reviewed by independent specialists. The signals are hypotheses for evaluation: they do not indicate causation, do not allow estimating the risk of any specific person and do not change any medical recommendation. We compared cancer mortality in each of Brazil's 5,570 municipalities, 2020–2024, with the number of deaths expected for the age and sex of their population (indirect standardization), using 7.9 million death certificates from SIM/DATASUS (1.2 million with cancer as the underlying cause) and the 2022 Census population (IBGE). Deaths were assigned to the municipality of residence. We applied empirical Bayes smoothing (Poisson-Gamma), Poisson tests and Benjamini-Hochberg correction within each of 13 analysis groups. 145 statistical signals were found. After exploratory geographic criteria (excluding state capitals, municipalities within 40 km of them and treatment hubs), 45 remain. These criteria do not demonstrate that biases were removed. Esophageal cancer accounts for 16 of these signals; 14 persist in every sensitivity scenario tested (other radii, hub criteria, correction across all 13 groups together and annual population). The deposit includes the technical report in English and Portuguese (PDFs), aggregated results in CSV with a data dictionary (CC BY 4.0) and the code to reproduce the analysis (MIT). Author: independent researcher with no formal training in health sciences. Artificial intelligence (Anthropic's Claude) was used as a programming, writing and translation assistant under human review; no machine learning model was trained or evaluated. No funding and no competing interests. Interactive map: https://cledon.org/mapa Version 1.3 (October 4, 2026): new section 9 validates the signals in an independent period. In 2015–2019, a period not used to select the signals, 29 of the 45 municipality–group pairs after the geographic criteria and 12 of the 16 for esophageal cancer again showed excess mortality under the defined criterion (analysis plan recorded locally, in git, before the data were examined). These results support the temporal persistence of the observed patterns, but do not distinguish real excesses from persistent biases, nor do they establish causation. Also added: a complementary, not pre-specified analysis of the effective size of the discrete test, the 2015–2019 inclusion and exclusion flow, and SHA-256 hashes of the input files. The 2020–2024 results did not change. Version 1.2: technical report also in English; names of three groups adjusted to their ICD-10 codes. Resumo em português. Estudo exploratório — não são conclusões. Estudo ecológico e descritivo, ainda não revisado por especialistas independentes. Os sinais são hipóteses para avaliação: não indicam causa, não permitem estimar o risco de uma pessoa específica e não mudam nenhuma recomendação médica. Comparamos a mortalidade por câncer nos 5.570 municípios brasileiros, de 2020 a 2024, com o número de óbitos esperado para a idade e o sexo de sua população, usando 7,9 milhões de declarações de óbito do SIM/DATASUS (1,2 milhão com câncer como causa básica) e o Censo 2022 (IBGE). Foram identificados 145 sinais estatísticos; 45 permanecem após critérios geográficos exploratórios, que não demonstram que os vieses foram removidos. O câncer de esôfago concentra 16 desses sinais, dos quais 14 se mantêm em todos os cenários de sensibilidade. O depósito inclui o relatório técnico em português e em inglês, os resultados e o código. A inteligência artificial foi usada como assistente de programação, redação e tradução, sob revisão humana; nenhum modelo de aprendizado de máquina foi treinado ou avaliado. Versão 1.3: em 2015–2019, período não utilizado na seleção dos sinais, 29 dos 45 pares município–grupo após os critérios geográficos e 12 dos 16 referentes ao câncer de esôfago apresentaram novamente excesso de mortalidade pelo critério definido (plano de análise registrado localmente antes do exame dos dados). Esses resultados sustentam a persistência temporal dos padrões observados, mas não distinguem excessos reais de vieses persistentes nem estabelecem causalidade.

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