Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? Adaptive Multimodal Fact-Checking with Visual Evidence Necessity
Jaeyoon JungYejun YoonKunwoo Park
Oct 2026
Artificial IntelligenceNatural Language ProcessingComputer Vision
Abstract
Automated fact-checking is a crucial task that supports a responsible information ecosystem. While recent research has progressed from text-only to multimodal fact-checking, a prevailing assumption is that incorporating visual evidence universally improves verification accuracy. In this work, we challenge this assumption and show that the indiscriminate use of visual evidence can reduce accuracy. Building on this finding, we propose AMuFC, a modular fact-checking framework that employs two collaborative vision-language models with distinct roles to enable the adaptive use of visual evidence. Experimental results on three datasets, including WebFC, introduced in this study, demonstrate the effectiveness of adaptive visual evidence use in fact-checking.
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