Results demonstrate that Open5GBox enables reproducible, standards-compliant, and portable 5G SA deployments and bridge the gap between simulation-based testbeds and real-world 5G SA experimentation, offering a low-cost, open, and scalable platform for next-generation wireless systems.
Abstract
Advancing open, cost-effective, and standards-compliant 5G standalone (SA) platforms is essential for reproducible experimentation, rapid prototyping, and applied research with direct relevance to real-world deployments and industrial-scale testing. This paper presents Open5GBox, a fully deployable and open-source platform for 5G SA networks that integrates the radio access network (RAN) and core network (CN) functions using only commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware and open-source software. The system combines srsRAN and Open5GS stacks into a modular architecture that supports both embedded and general-purpose compute platforms, including deployments on Raspberry Pi 5 and x86-based systems. The RAN and CN components can be decoupled and securely interconnected via a WireGuard virtual private network, enabling scalable, real-world 5G SA experimentation. Extensive experimental validation is performed across five deployment configurations, evaluating key performance indicators such as throughput (up to 212 Mbps on downlink (DL), 97 Mbps on uplink (UL)), with average latency of approximately 30 ms, jitter consistently under 5 ms, modulation and coding scheme (MCS), channel quality indicator (CQI), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) under various bandwidths (20/40/60 MHz). The system supports voice over new radio (VoNR) session continuity and intra-system mobility, and complies with 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) emission masks, as confirmed by spectrum analysis. Results demonstrate that Open5GBox enables reproducible, standards-compliant, and portable 5G SA deployments and bridge the gap between simulation-based testbeds and real-world 5G SA experimentation, offering a low-cost, open, and scalable platform for next-generation wireless systems.
The transition from early non-standalone 5G deployments to 5G Standalone and, more recently, 5G-Advanced has turned mobile networks into flexible, programmable infrastructures capable of supporting private, industrial, and research-oriented deployments for the development of beyond-5G applications and architectures. Evaluating these networks’ capabilities, however, remains challenging because commercial platforms often provide limited access to internal interfaces, radio parameters, and network measurements. This paper presents an open-source private 5G SA testbed for beyond-5G application validations built using Open5GS, srsRAN, Ettus USRP N310 software-defined radio, programmable SIM cards, and commercial 5G customer-premise equipment. The platform is deployed in a semi-anechoic chamber. End-to-end operation is validated through subscriber registration, authentication, PDU session establishment, and external data connectivity. The performance of the implemented 5G network is evaluated using throughput, block error rate, modulation and coding scheme, and gNB trace logs. Unlike previous open-source 5G testbeds that primarily use RF waveguides, individual network components, or a limited set of radio configurations, the proposed platform combines COTS SIM-based UE operation with a controlled over-the-air evaluation of FDD/TDD and multiple antenna configurations and correlates application-level throughput with internal gNB radio metrics. For FDD downlink operation, the average throughput increased by approximately 74% from 1 × 1 to 2 × 2 and by a further 57% from 2 × 2 to 4 × 4, although the additional peak-throughput gain from 2 × 2 to 4 × 4 remained limited. The platform provides a reproducible environment for validating beyond-5G mechanisms, comparing network configurations, and studying the behavior of future open-source 5G SA systems under controlled conditions.
V. Popa, A. Petrariu, Alexandru A. Maftei et al.· Italian National Conference...· 0 citations
Remote-access virtual private networks (VPNs) are a key component of enterprise security infrastructures. In practice, the effectiveness of a remote-access VPN is determined not only by cryptographic mechanisms but also by its ability to remain available and recover quickly under realistic operating conditions, which directly affects the operational security guarantees provided by the underlying cryptographic protocols. Enterprise deployments are characterized by heterogeneous client platforms, wireless access networks, and frequent endpoint and network disruptions. In this paper, we execute an exploratory case study of the operation of remote-access VPNs in enterprise environments through an empirical evaluation of WireGuard, OpenVPN, and IPsec. Using a controlled but realistic testbed with a cloud-hosted gateway and heterogeneous client platforms, we evaluate baseline performance as well as behavior under endpoint CPU stress, network impairments, MTU variation, and mobility-related disruptions, reflecting constrained and dynamically changing deployment conditions. The results suggest that VPN operational characteristics are influenced by both protocol design and execution environment. Within the evaluated deployment scenarios, kernel-based implementations generally exhibited higher resilience under endpoint resource contention and faster recovery after disruptions, while layered and virtualized environments exhibited increased variability and sensitivity to network imperfections. These findings underline that resilience in remote-access VPNs should be interpreted as a system-level property emerging from the interaction of implementation architecture, endpoint characteristics, and deployment conditions.
Rene Forsung, R. Pirmagomedov, A. Mezina et al.· Cryptography· 0 citations
Google's Global Network (GGN), a major architectural redesign of the WAN that evolves B2 and B4 into a single, modular, and highly available software-defined network, is presented.
Mohammad Al-Fares, R. Alimi, Arda Balkanay et al.· Conference on Applications,...· 0 citations
The results show that heterogeneous IoT services can be hosted on modest local infrastructure while maintaining logical separation between Living Lab data and services, and offers a practical model for higher-education institutions and community-oriented renewable-energy initiatives in resource-constrained environments.
This paper presents the concept and initial implementation of a distributed automated build and runtime test environment for NuttX, called NXDART. NuttX is Apache 2.0 licensed Free and Open-Source (FOSS) Real-Time Operating System (RTOS), created by Gregory Nutt and released to the public in 2007, with strong focus on portability, small footprint, scalability, and compatibility with POSIX, ANSI, and other standards commonly used by Unix and other RTOSes (e.g. VxWorks). NuttX community consists of volunteering hobbyists, academia, and small/medium/large enterprise professionals from around the world. NuttX supports over 15 different 8..64-bit CPU architectures (RISC-V, ARM, ARM64, AVR, CEVA, HC, MIPS, Misoc, OpenRISC, Renesas, SPARC, TriCore, x86, AMD64, Xtensa, Z16, Z80, FPGA) on over 340 unique hardware boards with over 1600 example target firmware configurations. Project development intensity is measured in thousands of files changed every month with hundreds thousands of code lines modifications. In order to assure self compatibility and long term maintenance for supported platform all new source code contributions are always processed manually by independent reviewers and automated Continuous Integration (CI) software tools. Unfortunately, not all breaking changes can be detected that way. Code may build for various architectures and even run correctly on emulators but it may still not work as expected on real world hardware. Therefore, comprehensive runtime tests are required. Hardware testing of hundreds of different devices in one place turned out impossible for our free and community driven project. To address this problem we have invented distributed hardwarein- the-loop (HIL) test environment that is easy to set up and maintain as it reuses hardware components already owned by hundreds of users around the world. This approach assures maximum coverage of possible boards and build environments, independence and uninterrupted redundant availability of build and runtime test automation, with feedback logs reporting directly to the project upstream, at virtually zero cost.
T. Cedro, G. Nutt, Lup Yuen Lee et al.· International Journal of Ele...· 0 citations
This study presents the design and implementation of an enterprise network architecture that integrates SDN and VXLAN technologies to enhance scalability, performance, and security and highlights that the integration of SDN and VXLAN provides a flexible, programmable, and secure foundation for next-generation enterprise network infrastructures.
Daniel Nuñez-Agurto, Luis Paredes-Alcivar, John Cruz-Garzon et al.· ITEGAM- Journal of Engineeri...· 0 citations
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