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Review Open access Jul 2026

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhance resilience productivity and quality of high value spice crops

Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures (cold, hot), heavy metal toxicity, flooding, pollutants, and nutrient imbalances are emerging as major threats to global agri-food and nutritional security, significantly constraining crop productivity and resilience. Nowadays, the situation has deteriorated owing to the accelerated and profound alterations in global climatic patterns. It is utmost need to understand and find out the various adaptive and alleviative practices to reduce the impact, in which plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have the ability to assuage the negative impact of the various stresses and enhanced seed spices productivity and profitability. The interface between PGPR and crops under various stresses are positive worldwide. PGPR play a significant role in enhancing nutrient availability in the soil–plant–microbe system. Additionally, PGPR help lower ethylene levels, increase the concentration of osmolytes, and defend crops from oxidative injure under a diversity of environmental multiple stresses. The application of PGPR to seed spice crops represents a promising strategy to enhance productivity and improve plant resilience under various stress conditions. This review highlights the role of PGPR in mitigating abiotic stresses in seed spice crops and underscores the need for future research to develop effective, long-lasting microbial formulations that support sustainable cultivation under multiple stress conditions.

H. Parewa, V. Meena, Ramniwas Choudhary et al. · 0 citations
Review Open access Jul 2026

Abiotic Stress, Crop Resilience and Food Security: A Comprehensive Review

Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, flooding, nutrient imbalances, and heavy-metal toxicity are among the most important environmental factors limiting agricultural productivity across the globe. With the ongoing impacts of climate change, these stresses are becoming more frequent, intense, and prolonged, posing a serious challenge to sustainable crop production and global food security. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms that plants employ to cope with abiotic stress and discusses how these stresses affect the four pillars of food security: availability, access, utilisation, and stability. Particular emphasis is placed on key adaptive responses, including stress perception and signalling, hormonal regulation, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant defence mechanisms, and gene-regulatory networks that contribute to stress tolerance. Evidence from major cereal crops reveals that plant sensitivity to stress varies across developmental stages and that the combined effects of multiple stresses are often more damaging than individual stress factors. The review also highlights current and emerging approaches to enhance crop resilience, including conventional and molecular breeding, genome editing, improved agronomic practices, efficient water and nutrient management, soil health restoration, protected cultivation, digital agriculture, and climate-smart farming strategies. Ensuring food security under increasingly unpredictable climatic conditions will require an integrated approach that combines advances in genetics, sustainable crop management, natural resource conservation, socioeconomic support, and equitable access to innovative technologies. Future research should focus on understanding plant responses to multiple simultaneous stresses, improving genotype-by-environment predictions, developing adaptation strategies suitable for smallholder farming systems, and evaluating the effects of stress on crop nutritional quality.

D. Dhore, D. Koche · 0 citations
Review Open access Aug 2026

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: dual roles in enhancing nutrition and mitigating climate-related abiotic stresses

This review uniquely integrates the biochemical, physiological, and molecular mechanisms of PGPR in plant nutrition and stress mitigation while critically analyzing contradictory field results and highlighting newly characterized strains and sustainable tools for climate-resilient agriculture.

Pan Qi, Haoyue Liang, Liquan Zhao et al. · 0 citations
Conference Open access Jul 2026

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PHYSIOLOGY, GROWTH, AND YIELD OF CEREAL CROPS UNDER WATERLOGGING STRESS

Global food security is increasingly threatened by abiotic stresses, particularly waterlogging, which poses significant challenges to cereal crop production. Waterlogging is one of the primary abiotic stresses that significantly influence the interrelationships among plant physiology, growth, and yield. This review aims to examine the relationships among these three aspects in cereal crops, with an emphasis on the response mechanisms to waterlogging stress. Findings from the reviewed literature indicate that waterlogged conditions induce hypoxia in the root zone, leading to reduced photosynthetic rates, impaired nutrient uptake, and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which trigger cellular damage. These effects result in reduced plant growth and yield. Nevertheless, plants exhibit various adaptive mechanisms, such as aerenchyma formation, adventitious root development, and proline accumulation, which enhance tolerance to stress. Variations in tolerance levels among cereal species also influence the extent of yield reduction. Overall, improving plant tolerance to waterlogging stress requires an integrated approach through physiological understanding, genetic improvement, and the application of appropriate agronomic management.

Erlinda Diantini, Hidya Nurlita, Aep Wawan Irwan et al. · 0 citations
Review Open access Jul 2026

Extreme Weather Adaptations- Agronomic Strategies for Resilient Crop Systems: A Review

The rising rate and severity of extreme events such as irregular climatic patterns are a great threat to the world agricultural productivity and food security. The review examines key agronomic measures that can be used to improve the resilience of the agricultural crop systems to these problems. Such resilience is necessary to the extent that there is a stable food supply to a rising world population. This discussion summarizes the existing studies to outline successful strategies to cope with drought, floods, heatwave and cold waves. Some of the agronomic strategies that have been referred to are the adoption of water efficient irrigation methods, the choice and breeding of varieties of crops that are stress tolerant, adoption of soil health management practices, diversification of cropping systems through inter-cropping and agroforestry, adoption of precision agricultural technologies and data analytics. A combination of these strategies depending on the regional and climatic conditions is required to create sound and sustainable agricultural systems that will be able to overcome the rising challenges of extreme weather. The next round of research needs to be on how the combined effects of the extreme events are compounded and the socio-economic factors that affect the adoption of these resilience practices.

Chebrolu Sravani, M. Keerthi, B. Somraj et al. · 0 citations
Review Open access Jul 2026

Plant Physiological Responses to Abiotic Stress for Climate-Resilient Agriculture: An Integrative Review

Climate change is increasing the frequency, intensity, and co-occurrence of drought, salinity, heat, cold, flooding, and other abiotic constraints that destabilize crop productivity. Because crop failure emerges from physiological dysfunction before it becomes visible as yield loss, understanding plant physiological responses provides a critical bridge between basic stress biology and climate-resilient agriculture. This study used a qualitative library-research design with an integrative thematic synthesis of 35 peer-reviewed references, emphasizing recent literature while retaining foundational studies required to explain core mechanisms. Literature was organized around five analytical themes: stress perception and signaling, water relations and gas exchange, photosynthetic and metabolic stability, ionic and redox homeostasis, and recovery/acclimation under single and combined stresses. The synthesis shows that abiotic stresses differ in their primary injuries but converge on a limited set of physiological bottlenecks: loss of cellular water status, stomatal and mesophyll limitations to CO₂ diffusion, disruption of photosystems and respiration, membrane destabilization, ion imbalance, excessive reactive oxygen species, and altered source–sink relations. Resilient plants avoid catastrophic failure through coordinated stomatal regulation, root-system plasticity, osmotic adjustment, ion exclusion and compartmentation, antioxidant defense, heat-shock and cold-acclimation programs, hypoxia responses, hormonal crosstalk, and stress memory. Importantly, responses to combined stresses cannot be predicted by simply adding single-stress responses; the dominant stressor, stress sequence, developmental stage, and genotype can change both the direction and magnitude of acclimation. For climate-resilient agriculture, the most promising translation is therefore not selection for a single stress marker, but physiology-informed breeding and management that target yield stability, water-use efficiency, photosynthetic persistence, recovery capacity, and multi-stress tolerance. Integration of high-throughput phenotyping, genomic breeding, CRISPR-based editing, beneficial microorganisms, biostimulants, priming, and climate-smart crop management can accelerate the conversion of physiological knowledge into field resilience. The review concludes that future research should prioritize realistic stress combinations, recovery dynamics, reproductive-stage sensitivity, genotype-by-environment interactions, and field validation of mechanistic traits.

Y. Sari, Achmad Agung · 0 citations

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