Phytochemical Profile and Antidiabetic Activities of Lansium domesticum: A Scoping Review
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, representing a major global health challenge. Lansium domesticum has attracted increasing attention as a potential source of natural bioactive compounds with antidiabetic properties. However, the available evidence regarding its phytochemical composition, biological activities, and underlying mechanisms remains fragmented across published studies. This scoping review aimed to systematically map the current evidence on the phytochemical profile, biological activities, and antidiabetic potential of L. domesticum. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Garuda, and studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 18 studies were included in the final synthesis. The included studies comprised in vitro, in vivo, phytochemical, metabolomic, biomolecular, and toxicity investigations involving various plant parts, particularly the leaves, seeds, fruit peel, and stem bark. Direct evidence of antidiabetic activity was limited to α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition by leaf extracts, reductions in HbA1c following seed extract administration, and decreased blood glucose levels following treatment with stem bark infusion. Several studies also reported antioxidant activity, phytochemical characterization, metabolomic profiling, bioactive compound isolation, and exploratory biomolecular findings. However, no study directly evaluated biomarkers of insulin resistance, including TNF-α, GLUT-4, HOMA-IR, IRS-1, and AMPK. These findings indicate that L. domesticum is a promising source of bioactive compounds for antidiabetic research, although further mechanistic studies using validated T2DM models are required to clarify its therapeutic potential.